Skip to ContentGo to accessibility page

References

Agarwal, A. K., Raja, A., & Brown, B. D. (2023, August 7). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559281/

Ambrosino, N., & Bertella, E. (2018). Lifestyle interventions in prevention and comprehensive management of COPD. Breathe (Sheffield, England), 14(3), 186–194. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.018618

American Cancer Society. (2022, January 14). American Cancer Society recommendations for the early detection of breast cancer. American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/american-cancer-society-recommendations-for-the-early-detection-of-breast-cancer.html

American Lung Association. (2018, April 24). Your aging lungs. American Lung Association. https://www.lung.org/blog/your-aging-lungs

Braun, L. (2015). Race, ethnicity and lung function: A brief history. Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy, 51(4), 99–101. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4631137/

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, October 29). Health effects of cigarette smoking. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/index.htm#respiratory

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, July 25). What are the risk factors for breast cancer? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/risk_factors.htm

Delgado, B. J., & Bajaj, T. (2023, July 24). Physiology, lung capacity. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541029/

Glass, R. I., & Rosenthal, J. P. (2018). International approach to environmental and lung health. A perspective from the Fogarty International Center. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 15(2), S109–S113. https://www.doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201708-685MG

Grott, K., Chauhan, S., & Dunlap, J. D. (2023, June 19). Atelectasis. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

Henderson, J. A., Duffee, D., & Ferguson, T. (2023, January 16). Breast examination techniques. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459179/

Krishna, R., Antoine, M. H., & Rudrappa, M. (2023, March 18). Pleural effusion. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448189/

Kudzinskas, A., & Callahan, A. L. (2023, July 30). Anatomy, thorax. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557710/

Malek, R., & Soufi, S. (2023, April 7). Pulmonary edema. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557611/

Ozdowski, L., & Gupta, V. (2023, May 1). Physiology, lymphatic system. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557833/

Rinaldi, R.M., Sapra, A., & Bellin, L.S. (2023, August 8). Breast lymphatics. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553093/

Sajadi-Ernazarova, K. R., Martin, J., & Gupta, N. (2023, August 8). Acute pneumothorax evaluation and treatment. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538316/

Schneider, J. L., Rowe, J. H., Garcia-de-Alba, C., Kim, C. F., Sharpe, A. H., & Haigis, M. C. (2021). The aging lung: Physiology, disease, and immunity. Cell, 184(8), 1990–2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.005

Silveyra, P., Fuentes, N., & Rodriguez Bauza, D. E. (2021). Sex and gender differences in lung disease. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1304, 227–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68748-9_14

Singh, A., Avula, A., & Zahn, E. (2023, July 13). Acute bronchitis. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448067/

Stanford Medicine. (2023). The breast exam. Stanford Medicine. https://stanfordmedicine25.stanford.edu/the25/BreastExam.html

Zimmerman, B., & Williams, D. (2023, August 28). Lung sounds. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537253/

Citation/Attribution
Reuse and redistribution of this content in digital or print format:
  • This book may not be used in the training of large language models or otherwise be ingested into large language models or generative AI offerings without OpenStax's prior written permission.
  • This book uses the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License, which means that you can reuse and modify the material only for noncommercial purposes, must attribute OpenStax, and must distribute any derivative works under the same license.
  • Any commercial printing of this textbook, including using a local or custom printer, must be approved by OpenStax, and proper citation provided.
  • OpenStax-copyrighted images, activities, assessments, and similar components of this book are subject to the same licensing – CC-BY-NC-SA. They can be used for noncommercial purposes with attribution. Commercial use requires permission.
  • Permission requests: Anyone who intends to incorporate this content (including text, images, and other components) into large language models, use it in AI offerings, use it commercially (including in print), and/or has questions about another use case is welcome to complete our reuse request form.
Attribution information
  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a noncommercial print format, then you must include on every physical page the following attribution:

    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/clinical-nursing-skills/pages/1-introduction

  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a noncommercial digital format, then for every page that includes OpenStax content, you must license the derivative work under the same CC-BY-NC-SA license as the original, and include on every digital page view the following attribution:

    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/clinical-nursing-skills/pages/1-introduction

Citation information

The information below includes the information needed to generate citations in most major styles (APA, MLA, etc.); you must reformat and organize the information as needed to fit the requirements of the style. Use the information below to generate a citation. We recommend using a citation tool such as this one.

© Jul 23, 2026 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo, and Rice University name, and Rice University logo trademarks, or wordmarks are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University.