- active transport
- involves moving solutes and ions across a cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
- anasarca
- severe and generalized edema throughout the body
- BUN to creatinine ratio
- a comparison of BUN to creatinine to determine if alterations in BUN and creatinine are related to changes in fluid volume or kidney filtration
- Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)
- a urinary tract infection that develops directly related to the presence of an IUC
- dialysis
- procedure to remove waste products and excess fluids from the blood when the kidneys cannot
- diffusion
- the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to equalize the concentration of solutes throughout an area
- edema
- swelling caused by excessive buildup of fluid in tissue spaces or a body cavity
- enophthalmos
- sunken eyes
- extracellular fluid (ECF)
- fluid located outside of cells
- filtration
- occurs when hydrostatic pressure pushes fluids and solutes through a permeable membrane so they can be excreted
- fluid balance
- the difference between intake and output
- fluid volume deficit (FVD)
- results from a loss of body fluids or fluid that becomes unavailable in the body for use
- fluid volume excess (FVE)
- increased fluid retained in the intravascular compartment
- functional urinary incontinence
- the inability to access a toilet due to physical or cognitive challenges
- homeostasis
- the maintenance of equilibrium of two or more interdependent elements
- hypercalcemia
- serum calcium level >10.5 mg/dL
- hyperchloremia
- serum chloride level >105 mEq/L
- hyperkalemia
- serum potassium level > 5.1 mEq/L
- hypermagnesemia
- magnesium level >2.2 mg/dL
- hyperphosphatemia
- phosphate level >4.8 mg/dL
- hypertonic solution
- has a higher concentration of dissolved particles than does blood
- hypervolemia
- excessive fluid volume
- hypocalcemia
- total serum calcium level <8.5 mg/dL or an ionized calcium level <4.6 mg/dL
- hypochloremia
- serum chloride level <97 mEq/L
- hypokalemia
- serum potassium level <3.7 mEq/L
- hypomagnesemia
- serum magnesium level <1.7 mg/dL
- hyponatremia
- serum sodium level of <136 mEq/L
- hypophosphatemia
- serum phosphate level <2.5 mg/dL.
- hypotonic hyponatremia
- serum sodium level is decreased due to dilution
- hypotonic solution
- has a lower concentration of dissolved solutes than does blood
- hypovolemia
- deficient fluid volume
- indwelling urinary catheter (IUC)
- a urinary catheter that stays in the bladder for a time
- intermittent catheterization
- used for the temporary relief of urinary retention
- interstitial fluid
- fluid outside of blood vessels and between the cells
- intracellular fluid (ICF)
- found inside cells; comprise protein, water, electrolytes, and solutes
- intravascular fluid
- fluid in the vascular system
- isotonic solution
- has a similar concentration of dissolved particles as blood
- mixed urinary incontinence
- two or more types of urinary incontinence that occur in the same individual
- oncotic pressure
- pressure inside the vascular compartment created by protein content of the blood (in the form of albumin) that holds water inside the blood vessels
- orthostatic vital signs (also known as postural vital signs)
- assessing a patient’s blood pressure when the patient is lying supine and comparing it to the patient’s blood pressure when either sitting upright or standing upright
- osmolality
- a measure of the concentration of dissolved solutes in the blood
- osmosis
- water movement through a semipermeable membrane, from an area of lesser solute concentration to an area of greater solute concentration, in an attempt to equalize the solute concentrations on either side of the membrane
- overflow incontinence
- when bladder contraction fails to fully empty the bladder and urine leaks due to the high pressure from urine retention
- peritoneal dialysis
- uses the capillaries in the peritoneal cavity to exchange waste products
- post-void residual (PVD)
- determined by assessing the amount of urine that remains in the bladder immediately after the patient attempts to empty their bladder
- skin turgor
- the elasticity of the skin assessed by pinching the skin into a tent shape and assessing how quickly the skin returns to its normal position
- solute
- soluble particle
- stress incontinence
- urine leakage during times of increased intrabdominal pressure
- third spacing
- type of hypovolemia in which total body fluid may be adequate or even excessive, but fluid has moved out of the intravascular space and into the interstitial space
- tonicity
- the osmotic gradient between two solutions
- transcellular fluid
- fluid in cerebrospinal, synovial, and intrapleural areas, for example, and the gastrointestinal system
- urge incontinence
- an overactive bladder that contracts and causes urine leakage when the bladder is not full
- urinary incontinence (UI)
- unintentional and uncontrollable urine leakage
- urine specific gravity
- a urine test that commonly measures hydration status by measuring the concentration of particles in urine