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alloy
solid mixture of a metallic element and one or more additional elements
amphiphilic
molecules possessing both hydrophobic (nonpolar) and a hydrophilic (polar) parts
boiling point elevation
elevation of the boiling point of a liquid by addition of a solute
boiling point elevation constant
the proportionality constant in the equation relating boiling point elevation to solute molality; also known as the ebullioscopic constant
colligative property
property of a solution that depends only on the concentration of a solute species
colloid
(also, colloidal dispersion) mixture in which relatively large solid or liquid particles are dispersed uniformly throughout a gas, liquid, or solid
crenation
process whereby biological cells become shriveled due to loss of water by osmosis
dispersed phase
substance present as relatively large solid or liquid particles in a colloid
dispersion medium
solid, liquid, or gas in which colloidal particles are dispersed
dissociation
physical process accompanying the dissolution of an ionic compound in which the compound’s constituent ions are solvated and dispersed throughout the solution
electrolyte
substance that produces ions when dissolved in water
emulsifying agent
amphiphilic substance used to stabilize the particles of some emulsions
emulsion
colloid formed from immiscible liquids
freezing point depression
lowering of the freezing point of a liquid by addition of a solute
freezing point depression constant
(also, cryoscopic constant) proportionality constant in the equation relating freezing point depression to solute molality
gel
colloidal dispersion of a liquid in a solid
hemolysis
rupture of red blood cells due to the accumulation of excess water by osmosis
Henry’s law
the proportional relationship between the concentration of dissolved gas in a solution and the partial pressure of the gas in contact with the solution
hypertonic
of greater osmotic pressure
hypotonic
of less osmotic pressure
ideal solution
solution that forms with no accompanying energy change
immiscible
of negligible mutual solubility; typically refers to liquid substances
ion pair
solvated anion/cation pair held together by moderate electrostatic attraction
ion-dipole attraction
electrostatic attraction between an ion and a polar molecule
isotonic
of equal osmotic pressure
miscible
mutually soluble in all proportions; typically refers to liquid substances
molality (m)
a concentration unit defined as the ratio of the numbers of moles of solute to the mass of the solvent in kilograms
nonelectrolyte
substance that does not produce ions when dissolved in water
osmosis
diffusion of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane
osmotic pressure (Π)
opposing pressure required to prevent bulk transfer of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane
partially miscible
of moderate mutual solubility; typically refers to liquid substances
Raoult’s law
the relationship between a solution’s vapor pressure and the vapor pressures and concentrations of its components
saturated
of concentration equal to solubility; containing the maximum concentration of solute possible for a given temperature and pressure
semipermeable membrane
a membrane that selectively permits passage of certain ions or molecules
solubility
extent to which a solute may be dissolved in water, or any solvent
solvation
exothermic process in which intermolecular attractive forces between the solute and solvent in a solution are established
spontaneous process
physical or chemical change that occurs without the addition of energy from an external source
strong electrolyte
substance that dissociates or ionizes completely when dissolved in water
supersaturated
of concentration that exceeds solubility; a nonequilibrium state
suspension
heterogeneous mixture in which relatively large component particles are temporarily dispersed but settle out over time
Tyndall effect
scattering of visible light by a colloidal dispersion
unsaturated
of concentration less than solubility
van’t Hoff factor (i)
the ratio of the number of moles of particles in a solution to the number of moles of formula units dissolved in the solution
weak electrolyte
substance that ionizes only partially when dissolved in water
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