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Chemistry 2e

15.3 Coupled Equilibria

Chemistry 2e15.3 Coupled Equilibria

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Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. 1 Essential Ideas
    1. Introduction
    2. 1.1 Chemistry in Context
    3. 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
    4. 1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
    5. 1.4 Measurements
    6. 1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
    7. 1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
    8. Key Terms
    9. Key Equations
    10. Summary
    11. Exercises
  3. 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
    1. Introduction
    2. 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
    3. 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
    4. 2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
    5. 2.4 Chemical Formulas
    6. 2.5 The Periodic Table
    7. 2.6 Ionic and Molecular Compounds
    8. 2.7 Chemical Nomenclature
    9. Key Terms
    10. Key Equations
    11. Summary
    12. Exercises
  4. 3 Composition of Substances and Solutions
    1. Introduction
    2. 3.1 Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
    3. 3.2 Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
    4. 3.3 Molarity
    5. 3.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
    6. Key Terms
    7. Key Equations
    8. Summary
    9. Exercises
  5. 4 Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
    1. Introduction
    2. 4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
    3. 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
    4. 4.3 Reaction Stoichiometry
    5. 4.4 Reaction Yields
    6. 4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
    7. Key Terms
    8. Key Equations
    9. Summary
    10. Exercises
  6. 5 Thermochemistry
    1. Introduction
    2. 5.1 Energy Basics
    3. 5.2 Calorimetry
    4. 5.3 Enthalpy
    5. Key Terms
    6. Key Equations
    7. Summary
    8. Exercises
  7. 6 Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements
    1. Introduction
    2. 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
    3. 6.2 The Bohr Model
    4. 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
    5. 6.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
    6. 6.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
    7. Key Terms
    8. Key Equations
    9. Summary
    10. Exercises
  8. 7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
    1. Introduction
    2. 7.1 Ionic Bonding
    3. 7.2 Covalent Bonding
    4. 7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
    5. 7.4 Formal Charges and Resonance
    6. 7.5 Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
    7. 7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
    8. Key Terms
    9. Key Equations
    10. Summary
    11. Exercises
  9. 8 Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding
    1. Introduction
    2. 8.1 Valence Bond Theory
    3. 8.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
    4. 8.3 Multiple Bonds
    5. 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
    6. Key Terms
    7. Key Equations
    8. Summary
    9. Exercises
  10. 9 Gases
    1. Introduction
    2. 9.1 Gas Pressure
    3. 9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
    4. 9.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
    5. 9.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
    6. 9.5 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
    7. 9.6 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
    8. Key Terms
    9. Key Equations
    10. Summary
    11. Exercises
  11. 10 Liquids and Solids
    1. Introduction
    2. 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
    3. 10.2 Properties of Liquids
    4. 10.3 Phase Transitions
    5. 10.4 Phase Diagrams
    6. 10.5 The Solid State of Matter
    7. 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
    8. Key Terms
    9. Key Equations
    10. Summary
    11. Exercises
  12. 11 Solutions and Colloids
    1. Introduction
    2. 11.1 The Dissolution Process
    3. 11.2 Electrolytes
    4. 11.3 Solubility
    5. 11.4 Colligative Properties
    6. 11.5 Colloids
    7. Key Terms
    8. Key Equations
    9. Summary
    10. Exercises
  13. 12 Kinetics
    1. Introduction
    2. 12.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
    3. 12.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
    4. 12.3 Rate Laws
    5. 12.4 Integrated Rate Laws
    6. 12.5 Collision Theory
    7. 12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
    8. 12.7 Catalysis
    9. Key Terms
    10. Key Equations
    11. Summary
    12. Exercises
  14. 13 Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
    1. Introduction
    2. 13.1 Chemical Equilibria
    3. 13.2 Equilibrium Constants
    4. 13.3 Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
    5. 13.4 Equilibrium Calculations
    6. Key Terms
    7. Key Equations
    8. Summary
    9. Exercises
  15. 14 Acid-Base Equilibria
    1. Introduction
    2. 14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
    3. 14.2 pH and pOH
    4. 14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
    5. 14.4 Hydrolysis of Salts
    6. 14.5 Polyprotic Acids
    7. 14.6 Buffers
    8. 14.7 Acid-Base Titrations
    9. Key Terms
    10. Key Equations
    11. Summary
    12. Exercises
  16. 15 Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes
    1. Introduction
    2. 15.1 Precipitation and Dissolution
    3. 15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
    4. 15.3 Coupled Equilibria
    5. Key Terms
    6. Key Equations
    7. Summary
    8. Exercises
  17. 16 Thermodynamics
    1. Introduction
    2. 16.1 Spontaneity
    3. 16.2 Entropy
    4. 16.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
    5. 16.4 Free Energy
    6. Key Terms
    7. Key Equations
    8. Summary
    9. Exercises
  18. 17 Electrochemistry
    1. Introduction
    2. 17.1 Review of Redox Chemistry
    3. 17.2 Galvanic Cells
    4. 17.3 Electrode and Cell Potentials
    5. 17.4 Potential, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
    6. 17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
    7. 17.6 Corrosion
    8. 17.7 Electrolysis
    9. Key Terms
    10. Key Equations
    11. Summary
    12. Exercises
  19. 18 Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals
    1. Introduction
    2. 18.1 Periodicity
    3. 18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
    4. 18.3 Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
    5. 18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
    6. 18.5 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
    7. 18.6 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
    8. 18.7 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen
    9. 18.8 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus
    10. 18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
    11. 18.10 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur
    12. 18.11 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens
    13. 18.12 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases
    14. Key Terms
    15. Summary
    16. Exercises
  20. 19 Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
    1. Introduction
    2. 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
    3. 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
    4. 19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
    5. Key Terms
    6. Summary
    7. Exercises
  21. 20 Organic Chemistry
    1. Introduction
    2. 20.1 Hydrocarbons
    3. 20.2 Alcohols and Ethers
    4. 20.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
    5. 20.4 Amines and Amides
    6. Key Terms
    7. Summary
    8. Exercises
  22. 21 Nuclear Chemistry
    1. Introduction
    2. 21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
    3. 21.2 Nuclear Equations
    4. 21.3 Radioactive Decay
    5. 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
    6. 21.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
    7. 21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
    8. Key Terms
    9. Key Equations
    10. Summary
    11. Exercises
  23. A | The Periodic Table
  24. B | Essential Mathematics
  25. C | Units and Conversion Factors
  26. D | Fundamental Physical Constants
  27. E | Water Properties
  28. F | Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases
  29. G | Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
  30. H | Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
  31. I | Ionization Constants of Weak Bases
  32. J | Solubility Products
  33. K | Formation Constants for Complex Ions
  34. L | Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
  35. M | Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes
  36. Answer Key
    1. Chapter 1
    2. Chapter 2
    3. Chapter 3
    4. Chapter 4
    5. Chapter 5
    6. Chapter 6
    7. Chapter 7
    8. Chapter 8
    9. Chapter 9
    10. Chapter 10
    11. Chapter 11
    12. Chapter 12
    13. Chapter 13
    14. Chapter 14
    15. Chapter 15
    16. Chapter 16
    17. Chapter 17
    18. Chapter 18
    19. Chapter 19
    20. Chapter 20
    21. Chapter 21
  37. Index

Learning Objectives

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

  • Describe examples of systems involving two (or more) coupled chemical equilibria
  • Calculate reactant and product concentrations for coupled equilibrium systems

As discussed in preceding chapters on equilibrium, coupled equilibria involve two or more separate chemical reactions that share one or more reactants or products. This section of this chapter will address solubility equilibria coupled with acid-base and complex-formation reactions.

An environmentally relevant example illustrating the coupling of solubility and acid-base equilibria is the impact of ocean acidification on the health of the ocean’s coral reefs. These reefs are built upon skeletons of sparingly soluble calcium carbonate excreted by colonies of corals (small marine invertebrates). The relevant dissolution equilibrium is

CaCO3(s)Ca2+(aq)+CO32(aq)Ksp=8.7×109CaCO3(s)Ca2+(aq)+CO32(aq)Ksp=8.7×109

Rising concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide contribute to an increased acidity of ocean waters due to the dissolution, hydrolysis, and acid ionization of carbon dioxide:

CO2(g)CO2(aq)CO2(g)CO2(aq)
CO2(aq)+H2O(l)H2CO3(aq)CO2(aq)+H2O(l)H2CO3(aq)
H2CO3(aq) +H2O(l)HCO3(aq)+H3O+(aq) Ka1=4.3×107H2CO3(aq) +H2O(l)HCO3(aq)+H3O+(aq) Ka1=4.3×107
HCO3(aq)+H2O(l)CO32(aq)+H3O+(aq)Ka2 =4.7×1011HCO3(aq)+H2O(l)CO32(aq)+H3O+(aq)Ka2 =4.7×1011

Inspection of these equilibria shows the carbonate ion is involved in the calcium carbonate dissolution and the acid hydrolysis of bicarbonate ion. Combining the dissolution equation with the reverse of the acid hydrolysis equation yields

CaCO3(s)+H3O+(aq)Ca2+(aq)+HCO3(aq)+H2O(l) K=Ksp/Ka2=180CaCO3(s)+H3O+(aq)Ca2+(aq)+HCO3(aq)+H2O(l) K=Ksp/Ka2=180

The equilibrium constant for this net reaction is much greater than the Ksp for calcium carbonate, indicating its solubility is markedly increased in acidic solutions. As rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere increase the acidity of ocean waters, the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral reefs become more prone to dissolution and subsequently less healthy (Figure 15.7).

This figure contains two photographs of coral reefs. In a, a colorful reef that includes hues of purple and pink corals is shown in blue green water with fish swimming in the background. In b, grey-green mossy looking coral is shown in a blue aquatic environment. This photo does not have the colorful appearance or fish that were shown in figure a.
Figure 15.7 Healthy coral reefs (a) support a dense and diverse array of sea life across the ocean food chain. But when coral are unable to adequately build and maintain their calcium carbonate skeletons because of excess ocean acidification, the unhealthy reef (b) is only capable of hosting a small fraction of the species as before, and the local food chain starts to collapse. (credit a: modification of work by NOAA Photo Library; credit b: modification of work by “prilfish”/Flickr)

The dramatic increase in solubility with increasing acidity described above for calcium carbonate is typical of salts containing basic anions (e.g., carbonate, fluoride, hydroxide, sulfide). Another familiar example is the formation of dental cavities in tooth enamel. The major mineral component of enamel is calcium hydroxyapatite (Figure 15.8), a sparingly soluble ionic compound whose dissolution equilibrium is

Ca5(PO4)3OH(s)5Ca2+(aq)+3PO43−(aq)+OH(aq)Ca5(PO4)3OH(s)5Ca2+(aq)+3PO43−(aq)+OH(aq)
This figure includes an image of two large light blue apatite crystals in a mineral conglomerate that includes white, grey, and tan crystals. The blue apatite crystals have a dull, dusty, or powdered appearance.
Figure 15.8 Crystal of the mineral hydroxyapatite, Ca5(PO4)3OH, is shown here. The pure compound is white, but like many other minerals, this sample is colored because of the presence of impurities.

This compound dissolved to yield two different basic ions: triprotic phosphate ions

PO43−(aq)+H3O+(aq)H2PO42−(aq)+H2O(l)PO43−(aq)+H3O+(aq)H2PO42−(aq)+H2O(l)
H2PO42−(aq)+H3O+(aq)H2PO4(aq)+H2O(l)H2PO42−(aq)+H3O+(aq)H2PO4(aq)+H2O(l)
H2PO4(aq)+H3O+(aq)H3PO4(aq)+H2O(l)H2PO4(aq)+H3O+(aq)H3PO4(aq)+H2O(l)

and monoprotic hydroxide ions:

OH(aq)+H3O+2H2OOH(aq)+H3O+2H2O

Of the two basic productions, the hydroxide is, of course, by far the stronger base (it’s the strongest base that can exist in aqueous solution), and so it is the dominant factor providing the compound an acid-dependent solubility. Dental cavities form when the acid waste of bacteria growing on the surface of teeth hastens the dissolution of tooth enamel by reacting completely with the strong base hydroxide, shifting the hydroxyapatite solubility equilibrium to the right. Some toothpastes and mouth rinses contain added NaF or SnF2 that make enamel more acid resistant by replacing the strong base hydroxide with the weak base fluoride:

NaF+Ca5(PO4)3OHCa5(PO4)3F+Na++OHNaF+Ca5(PO4)3OHCa5(PO4)3F+Na++OH

The weak base fluoride ion reacts only partially with the bacterial acid waste, resulting in a less extensive shift in the solubility equilibrium and an increased resistance to acid dissolution. See the Chemistry in Everyday Life feature on the role of fluoride in preventing tooth decay for more information.

Chemistry in Everyday Life

Role of Fluoride in Preventing Tooth Decay

As we saw previously, fluoride ions help protect our teeth by reacting with hydroxylapatite to form fluorapatite, Ca5(PO4)3F. Since it lacks a hydroxide ion, fluorapatite is more resistant to attacks by acids in our mouths and is thus less soluble, protecting our teeth. Scientists discovered that naturally fluorinated water could be beneficial to your teeth, and so it became common practice to add fluoride to drinking water. Toothpastes and mouthwashes also contain amounts of fluoride (Figure 15.9).

Replace with updated art; figure in “99” art folder is current and correct
Figure 15.9 Fluoride, found in many toothpastes, helps prevent tooth decay (credit: Kerry Ceszyk).

Unfortunately, excess fluoride can negate its advantages. Natural sources of drinking water in various parts of the world have varying concentrations of fluoride, and places where that concentration is high are prone to certain health risks when there is no other source of drinking water. The most serious side effect of excess fluoride is the bone disease, skeletal fluorosis. When excess fluoride is in the body, it can cause the joints to stiffen and the bones to thicken. It can severely impact mobility and can negatively affect the thyroid gland. Skeletal fluorosis is a condition that over 2.7 million people suffer from across the world. So while fluoride can protect our teeth from decay, the US Environmental Protection Agency sets a maximum level of 4 ppm (4 mg/L) of fluoride in drinking water in the US. Fluoride levels in water are not regulated in all countries, so fluorosis is a problem in areas with high levels of fluoride in the groundwater.

The solubility of ionic compounds may also be increased when dissolution is coupled to the formation of a complex ion. For example, aluminum hydroxide dissolves in a solution of sodium hydroxide or another strong base because of the formation of the complex ion Al(OH)4.Al(OH)4.

An H atom is bonded to an O atom. The O atom has 2 dots above it and 2 dots below it. The O atom is bonded to an A l atom, which has three additional O atoms bonded to it as well. Each of these additional O atoms has 4 dots arranged around it, and is bonded to an H atom. This entire molecule is contained in brackets, to the right of which is a superscripted negative sign.

The equations for the dissolution of aluminum hydroxide, the formation of the complex ion, and the combined (net) equation are shown below. As indicated by the relatively large value of K for the net reaction, coupling complex formation with dissolution drastically increases the solubility of Al(OH)3.

Al(OH)3(s)Al3+(aq)+3OH(aq)Ksp=2×1032Al3+(aq)+4OH(aq)Al(OH)4(aq)Kf=1.1×1033Net:Al(OH)3(s)+OH(aq)Al(OH)4(aq)K=KspKf=22Al(OH)3(s)Al3+(aq)+3OH(aq)Ksp=2×1032Al3+(aq)+4OH(aq)Al(OH)4(aq)Kf=1.1×1033Net:Al(OH)3(s)+OH(aq)Al(OH)4(aq)K=KspKf=22

Example 15.15

Increased Solubility in Acidic Solutions

Compute and compare the molar solublities for aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3, dissolved in (a) pure water and (b) a buffer containing 0.100 M acetic acid and 0.100 M sodium acetate.

Solution

(a) The molar solubility of aluminum hydroxide in water is computed considering the dissolution equilibrium only as demonstrated in several previous examples:
Al(OH)3(s)Al3+(aq)+3OH(aq)Ksp=2×1032molar solubility in water=[Al3+]=(2×1032/27)1/4 =5×109MAl(OH)3(s)Al3+(aq)+3OH(aq)Ksp=2×1032molar solubility in water=[Al3+]=(2×1032/27)1/4 =5×109M

(b) The concentration of hydroxide ion of the buffered solution is conveniently calculated by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH=pKa+log[CH3COO]/[CH3COOH]pH=4.74+log(0.100/0.100)=4.74pH=pKa+log[CH3COO]/[CH3COOH]pH=4.74+log(0.100/0.100)=4.74

At this pH, the concentration of hydroxide ion is

pOH=14.004.74=9.26[OH]=109.26=5.5×1010pOH=14.004.74=9.26[OH]=109.26=5.5×1010

The solubility of Al(OH)3 in this buffer is then calculated from its solubility product expressions:

Ksp=[Al3+][OH]3molar solubility in buffer=[Al3+]=Ksp/[OH]3=(2×1032)/(5.5×1010)3=1.2×104MKsp=[Al3+][OH]3molar solubility in buffer=[Al3+]=Ksp/[OH]3=(2×1032)/(5.5×1010)3=1.2×104M

Compared to pure water, the solubility of aluminum hydroxide in this mildly acidic buffer is approximately ten million times greater (though still relatively low).

Check Your Learning

What is the solubility of aluminum hydroxide in a buffer comprised of 0.100 M formic acid and 0.100 M sodium formate?

Answer:

0.1 M

Example 15.16

Multiple Equilibria

Unexposed silver halides are removed from photographic film when they react with sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3, called hypo) to form the complex ion Ag(S2O3)23−Ag(S2O3)23− (Kf = 4.7 ×× 1013). A chemical reaction is shown using structural formulas. On the left, A g superscript plus is followed by a plus sign, the number 2, and a structure in brackets. The structure is composed of a central S atom which has O atoms single bonded above, right, and below. A second S atom is single bonded to the left. Each of these bonded atoms has 6 dots around it. Outside the brackets is a superscript 2 negative. Following a bidirectional arrow is a structure in brackets with a central A g atom. To the left and right, S atoms are single bonded to the A g atom. Each of these S atoms has four dots around it, and an S atom connected with a single bond moving out from the central A g atom, forming the ends of the structure. Each of these atoms has three O atoms attached with single bonds above, below, and at the end of the structure. Each O atom has six dots around it. Outside the brackets is a superscript 3 negative.

What mass of Na2S2O3 is required to prepare 1.00 L of a solution that will dissolve 1.00 g of AgBr by the formation of Ag(S2O3)23−?Ag(S2O3)23−?

Solution

Two equilibria are involved when silver bromide dissolves in an aqueous thiosulfate solution containing the S2O32−S2O32− ion:

dissolution: AgBr(s)Ag+(aq)+Br(aq)Ksp=5.0×10−13AgBr(s)Ag+(aq)+Br(aq)Ksp=5.0×10−13

complexation: Ag+(aq)+2S2O32−(aq)Ag(S2O3)23−(aq)Kf=4.7×1013Ag+(aq)+2S2O32−(aq)Ag(S2O3)23−(aq)Kf=4.7×1013

Combining these two equilibrium equations yields

AgBr( s)+2S2O32– (aq) Ag(S2O3)23–( aq) +Br ( aq) K= [Ag(S2O3)23–] [Br ] [ S2O32–]2 =KspKf =24 AgBr( s)+2S2O32– (aq) Ag(S2O3)23–( aq) +Br ( aq) K= [Ag(S2O3)23–] [Br ] [ S2O32–]2 =KspKf =24

The concentration of bromide resulting from dissolution of 1.00 g of AgBr in 1.00 L of solution is

[Br]= 1.00g AgBr× 1mol AgBr 187.77g/mol × 1mol Br 1mol AgBr 1.00L = 0.00532M [Br]= 1.00g AgBr× 1mol AgBr 187.77g/mol × 1mol Br 1mol AgBr 1.00L = 0.00532M

The stoichiometry of the dissolution equilibrium indicates the same concentration of aqueous silver ion will result, 0.00532 M, and the very large value of KfKf ensures that essentially all the dissolved silver ion will be complexed by thiosulfate ion:

[ Ag(S2O3)23– ] =0.00532M[ Ag(S2O3)23– ] =0.00532M

Rearranging the K expression for the combined equilibrium equations and solving for the concentration of thiosulfate ion yields

[S2O32–] = [Ag(S2O3)23– ][Br] K = (0.00532M) (0.00532M) 24 = 0.0011M [S2O32–] = [Ag(S2O3)23– ][Br] K = (0.00532M) (0.00532M) 24 = 0.0011M

Finally, the total mass of Na2S2O3Na2S2O3 required to provide enough thiosulfate to yield the concentrations cited above can be calculated.

Mass of Na2S2O3Na2S2O3 required to yield 0.00532 M Ag(S2O2)23– Ag(S2O2)23–

0.00532 mol Ag(S2 O3 )2 3– 1.00L × 2molS2O3 2– 1mol Ag(S2 O3 )2 3– × 1molNa2S2O3 1molS2O32– × 158.1gNa2S2O3 1molNa2S2O3 = 1.68g 0.00532 mol Ag(S2 O3 )2 3– 1.00L × 2molS2O3 2– 1mol Ag(S2 O3 )2 3– × 1molNa2S2O3 1molS2O32– × 158.1gNa2S2O3 1molNa2S2O3 = 1.68g

Mass of Na2S2O3Na2S2O3 required to yield 0.00110 M S2 O3 2– S2 O3 2–

0.0011 mol S2 O3 2– 1.00L × 1molS2O3 2– 1mol Na2S2 O3 × 158.1gNa2S2O3 1molNa2S2O3 = 0.17g 0.0011 mol S2 O3 2– 1.00L × 1molS2O3 2– 1mol Na2S2 O3 × 158.1gNa2S2O3 1molNa2S2O3 = 0.17g
15.1

The mass of Na2S2O3Na2S2O3 required to dissolve 1.00 g of AgBr in 1.00 L of water is thus 1.68 g + 0.17 g = 1.85 g

Check Your Learning

AgCl(s), silver chloride, has a very low solubility: AgCl(s)Ag+(aq)+Cl(aq),AgCl(s)Ag+(aq)+Cl(aq), Ksp = 1.6 ×× 10–10. Adding ammonia significantly increases the solubility of AgCl because a complex ion is formed: Ag+(aq)+2NH3(aq)Ag(NH3)2+(aq),Ag+(aq)+2NH3(aq)Ag(NH3)2+(aq), Kf = 1.7 ×× 107. What mass of NH3 is required to prepare 1.00 L of solution that will dissolve 2.00 g of AgCl by formation of Ag(NH3)2+?Ag(NH3)2+?

Answer:

1.00 L of a solution prepared with 4.81 g NH3 dissolves 2.0 g of AgCl.
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