Skip to ContentGo to accessibility page
OpenStax Logo
Business Ethics

Endnotes

Business EthicsEndnotes

Endnotes

1. Patrick Moorhead, “Cisco’s CSR Program under CEO Chuck Robbins Is Flourishing,” Forbes, March 9, 2016. https://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickmoorhead/2016/03/09/ciscos-csr-program-under-ceo-chuck-robbins-is-flourishing/#46e003c2574e.
2. Dodge v. Ford Motor Company, 204 Mich. 459, 170 N.W. 668 (Mich. 1919).
3. Dodge v. Ford Motor Company, 204 Mich. 459, 170 N.W. 668 (Mich. 1919).
4. Dodge v. Ford Motor Company, 204 Mich. 459, 170 N.W. 668 (Mich. 1919).
5. Shlensky v. Wrigley, 237 N.E. 2d 776 (Ill. App. 1968).
6. Shlensky v. Wrigley, 237 N.E. 2d 776 (Ill. App. 1968).
7. Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, 573 U.S. ________ (2014).
8. Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, 573 U.S. ________ (2014).
9. Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, 573 U.S. ________ (2014).
10. “Corporate Social Responsibility: The Halo Effect,” The Economist, June 25, 2015. https://www.economist.com/news/business/21656218-do-gooding-policies-help-firms-when-they-get-prosecuted-halo-effect.
11. Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1963).
12. Lindsay Llewellyn, “Breaking Down the Business-Judgment Rule,” American Bar Association, May 30, 2013.
http://apps.americanbar.org/litigation/committees/commercial/articles/spring2013-0513-breaking-down-the-business-judgement-rule.html.
13. Stephen Bainbridge, “A Duty to Shareholder Value,” Opinion Pages, New York Times, April 16, 2015.
https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2015/04/16/what-are-corporations-obligations-to-shareholders/a-duty-to-shareholder-value.
14. Stephen Bainbridge, “A Duty to Shareholder Value,” Opinion Pages, New York Times, April 16, 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2015/04/16/what-are-corporations-obligations-to-shareholders/a-duty-to-shareholder-value.
15. Lynn Stout, “Corporations Don’t Have to Maximize Profits,” Opinion Pages, New York Times, April 16, 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2015/04/16/what-are-corporations-obligations-to-shareholders/corporations-dont-have-to-maximize-profits.
16. Rick Wartzman, “What Peter Drucker Knew About 2020,” Harvard Business Review, October 16, 2014. https://hbr.org/2014/10/what-peter-drucker-knew-about-2020.
18. Tracey Keys, et al., “Making the Most of Corporate Social Responsibility,” McKenzie Quarterly, December 2009. https://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/leadership/making-the-most-of-corporate-social-responsibility.
20. H.J. Graham, Everyman’s Constitution. (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1968). See also H.J. Graham, “The ‘Conspiracy Theory’ of the Fourteenth Amendment,” Yale Law Journal 47, no. 3 (1938): 341–403. doi: 10.2307/791947.
21. “Ecuador Adopts Rights of Nature in Constitution,” The Rights of Nature. https://therightsofnature.org/ecuador-rights/.
22. M. Triassi, et al., “Environmental Pollution from Illegal Waste Disposal and Health Effects,” Int J Environ Res Public Health 12, no. 2 (2015): 1216–1236. doi: 10.3390/ijerph120201216.
24. State of the World 2010 Transforming Cultures from Consumerism to Sustainability. Washington, DC: The Worldwatch Institute, 2010.
25. Rights of Nature, “Principles of Earth Jurisprudence.” https://therightsofnature.org/principles-of-earth-jurisprudence/.
26. Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science 162, no. 3859 (1968): 1243–1248. doi: 10.1126/science.162.3859.1243.
27. Jeff Kauflin, “The World’s Most Sustainable Companies 2017,” Forbes, January 17, 2017. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffkauflin/2017/01/17/the-worlds-most-sustainable-companies-2017/#2773f73a4e9d.
28. Corporate Knights, “2018 Global 100.” http://www.corporateknights.com/reports/global-100/.
29. Jeff Kauflin, “The World’s Most Sustainable Companies 2017,” Forbes, January 17, 2017. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffkauflin/2017/01/17/the-worlds-most-sustainable-companies-2017/#2773f73a4e9d.
30. 3BLMedia, “2015 Cisco Corporate Social Responsibility Report: Supply Chain,” 2015. http://3blmedia.com/News/2015-Cisco-Corporate-Social-Responsibility-Report-Supply-Chain.
32. Paul Raleigh, “Corporate Social Responsibility: Beyond Financials,” Grant Thornton, August 13, 2014. https://www.grantthornton.global/en/insights/articles/Corporate-social-responsibility/.
33. Jessica Lyons Hardcastle, “Dell’s Flexible Work Programs Save $12M, Reduce GHGs,” Environmental Leader, July 10, 2014. https://www.environmentalleader.com/2014/07/dells-flexible-work-programs-save-12m-reduce-ghgs/.
34. Knut Haanaes, “Making Sustainability Profitable,” Harvard Business Review, March 2013. https://hbr.org/2013/03/making-sustainability-profitable.
35. Adam Wernick, “The U.S. Defense Department Takes Climate Change Seriously,” Public Radio International, October 8, 2017. https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-10-08/us-defense-department-takes-climate-change-seriously.
37. Lucy P. Marcus, “Why Strong Ties between Business and Government Matter,” The Guardian, January 4, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jan/04/why-strong-ties-between-business-and-government-matter-r-and-d.
39. National Conference on State Legislatures, “State Plastic and Paper Bag Legislation,” July 5, 2017. http://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/plastic-bag-legislation.aspx.
40. Elizabeth Chuck, “Hurricane Harvey: How Many Billions of Dollars in Damage Will Historic Storm Cost?” NBC News, August 30, 2017. https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/hurricane-harvey/how-many-billions-damage-will-harvey-cost-s-anyone-s-n797521.
41. NASA, “Report on Climate Change,” March 22, 2018. https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/.
42. James Brooke, “Waste Dumpers Turning to West Africa,” New York Times, July 17, 1998. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/17/world/waste-dumpers-turning-to-west-africa.html?pagewanted=all.
43. Financial Transparency Coalition, “Cross-border Dumping of Hazardous Waste,” August 20, 2010. https://financialtransparency.org/hazardous-waste/.
44. Andrew Winston, “Business Owes the World Everything . . . and Nothing,” Harvard Business Review, May 4, 2010. https://hbr.org/2010/05/business-owes-the-world-everyt.html.
45. Lew Harris, “Business Owes Significant Obligations to Society,” Newswise, February 23, 2000. https://www.newswise.com/articles/business-owes-significant-obligations-to-society.
46. Climate Leadership Council, “The Four Pillars of Our Carbon Dividends Plan.” https://www.clcouncil.org/our-plan/.
47. John Schwartz, “Exxon Mobil Lends Its Support to a Carbon Tax Proposal,” New York Times, June 20, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/20/science/exxon-carbon-tax.html.
48. John Schwartz, “Exxon Mobil Lends Its Support to a Carbon Tax Proposal,” New York Times, June 20, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/20/science/exxon-carbon-tax.html.
49. Katy Lederer, “Why Can’t Republicans Support a Carbon Tax?” The New Yorker, November 9, 2015. https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/why-cant-republicans-support-a-carbon-tax.
50. Lauren Rosenbaum, “The growing complexity of social and economic challenges is driving new, innovative forms of collaboration between governments and businesses.” Deloitte, March, 19, 2013. https://www2.deloitte.com/insights/us/en/focus/business-trends/2013/partnerships-for-the-future.html.
51. U.S. Department of Justice, “Under Agreement with United States and State of Texas, Vopak to Reduce Hazardous Air Pollution at Chemical Storage Facility,” May 17, 2017. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/under-agreement-united-states-and-state-texas-vopak-reduce-hazardous-air-pollution-chemical.
52. U.S. Department of Justice, “State-Federal Cooperation in Environmental Enforcement,” May 24, 2017. https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/blog/state-federal-cooperation-environmental-enforcement.
53. Ben Wolfgang, “Environmentalists, Tribes Promise Dakota Access-style Camps, Protests to Stop Keystone XL Pipeline,” The Washington Times, March 24, 2017. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/mar/24/keystone-xl-pipeline-environmentalists-tribes-prom/.
54. Oliver Laughland and Laurence Mathieu-Léger, “Keystone Pipeline Defiance Triggers Further Assault on Citizens’ Rights,” The Guardian, May 3, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/may/03/keystone-pipeline-protests-land-rights-south-dakota.
55. World Health Organization, “Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health,” 2011. http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msbgsruprofiles.pdf.
56. Larry Merlo, “Message from Larry Merlo, President and CEO,” February 5, 2014. https://cvshealth.com/thought-leadership/message-from-larry-merlo-president-and-ceo.
57. Louis Jacobson, “Counting Up How Much the NRA Spends on Campaigns and Lobbying,” Politifact, October 11, 2017. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2017/oct/11/counting-up-how-much-nra-spends/.
58. Mattie Quinn, “The Opioid Files: Hundreds of States and Cities Are Suing Drug Companies,” Governing, November 13, 2017. http://www.governing.com/topics/health-human-services/gov-opioid-lawsuits-companies-states-cities.html.
59. Owen Amos, “Why Opioids Are Such an American Problem?” BBC News, October 25, 2017. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41701718.
60. Matthew Prescott, “Why Animal Cruelty Is Bad Business,” Fortune, June 23, 2017. http://fortune.com/2017/06/23/animal-cruelty-stop-human-society-welfare-businesses-companies/.
61. “Egg Markets Overview,” USDA AMS Agricultural Analytics Division, July 20, 2018. https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/Egg%20Markets%20Overview.pdf.
62. Matthew Prescott, “Why Animal Cruelty Is Bad Business,” Fortune, June 23, 2017. http://fortune.com/2017/06/23/animal-cruelty-stop-human-society-welfare-businesses-companies/.
63. Janet Yellen, “Financial Stability a Decade after the Onset of the Crisis,” Symposium Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, August 25, 2017. https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/yellen20170825a.htm.
64. Dave Nadler and Ryan P. McGovern, “Top Ten Things Every Government Contractor Should Know about Post-Government Employment and ‘Revolving Door’ Restrictions,” Association of Corporate Counsel, September 2015. http://www.acc.com/_cs_upload/vl/membersonly/InfoPAK/584525_11.pdf.
65. Dave Nadler and Ryan P. McGovern, “Top Ten Things Every Government Contractor Should Know about Post-Government Employment and ‘Revolving Door’ Restrictions,” Association of Corporate Counsel, June 18, 2013. http://www.acc.com/legalresources/publications/topten/tttegcskapeardr.cfm?bcsi-ac-a70e1c0dc9ec8868=2719437500000002IZDw7%2FkDT%2FHOA2foH2ESHqJFX%2FQEYQAAAgAAAD+gbAGEAwAAUgAAAHsnLwA.
66. Dave Nadler and Ryan P. McGovern, “Top Ten Things Every Government Contractor Should Know about Post-Government Employment and ‘Revolving Door’ Restrictions,” Association of Corporate Counsel, June 18, 2013.
67. David M. Cohen, “Amateur Government: When Political Appointees Manage the Federal Bureaucracy,” The Brookings Institution, 1996. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/amateur.pdf.
68. EPA, “Deepwater Horizon – BP Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill.” https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/deepwater-horizon-bp-gulf-mexico-oil-spill.
69. Debbie Elliott, “5 Years after BP Oil Spill, Effects Linger and Recovery Is Slow,” NPR, April 20, 2015. https://www.npr.org/2015/04/20/400374744/5-years-after-bp-oil-spill-effects-linger-and-recovery-is-slow
70. Russell Gold, et al., “Leaking Oil Well Lacked Safeguard Device,” Wall Street Journal, April 28, 2010. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704423504575212031417936798.
71. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 558 U.S. 310 (2010).
PreviousNext
Order a print copy
Citation/Attribution

This book may not be used in the training of large language models or otherwise be ingested into large language models or generative AI offerings without OpenStax's permission.

Want to cite, share, or modify this book? This book uses the Creative Commons Attribution License and you must attribute OpenStax.

Attribution information
  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, then you must include on every physical page the following attribution:

    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/business-ethics/pages/1-introduction

  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution:

    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/business-ethics/pages/1-introduction

Citation information

© Mar 19, 2026 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University.