Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at which level(s)?
- only the transcriptional level
- epigenetic and transcriptional levels
- epigenetic, transcriptional, and translational levels
- epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels
Post-translational control refers to:
- regulation of gene expression after transcription
- regulation of gene expression after translation
- control of epigenetic activation
- period between transcription and translation
If glucose is absent, but so is lactose, the lac operon will be ________.
- activated
- repressed
- activated, but only partially
- mutated
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. Therefore, the genes in prokaryotic cells are:
- all expressed, all of the time
- transcribed and translated almost simultaneously
- transcriptionally controlled because translation begins before transcription ends
- b and c are both true
What are epigenetic modifications?
- the addition of reversible changes to histone proteins and DNA
- the removal of nucleosomes from the DNA
- the addition of more nucleosomes to the DNA
- mutation of the DNA sequence
Which of the following are true of epigenetic changes?
- allow DNA to be transcribed
- move histones to open or close a chromosomal region
- are temporary
- all of the above
The binding of ________ is required for transcription to start.
- a protein
- DNA polymerase
- RNA polymerase
- a transcription factor
What will result from the binding of a transcription factor to an enhancer region?
- decreased transcription of an adjacent gene
- increased transcription of a distant gene
- alteration of the translation of an adjacent gene
- initiation of the recruitment of RNA polymerase
Which of the following are involved in post-transcriptional control?
- control of RNA splicing
- control of RNA shuttling
- control of RNA stability
- all of the above
Binding of an RNA binding protein will ________ the stability of the RNA molecule.
- increase
- decrease
- neither increase nor decrease
- either increase or decrease
Post-translational modifications of proteins can affect which of the following?
- protein function
- transcriptional regulation
- chromatin modification
- all of the above
Cancer causing genes are called ________.
- transformation genes
- tumor suppressor genes
- oncogenes
- mutated genes
Targeted therapies are used in patients with a set gene expression pattern. A targeted therapy that prevents the activation of the estrogen receptor in breast cancer would be beneficial to which type of patient?
- patients who express the EGFR receptor in normal cells
- patients with a mutation that inactivates the estrogen receptor
- patients with lots of the estrogen receptor expressed in their tumor
- patients that have no estrogen receptor expressed in their tumor