-
Intracellular signaling occurs between cells of two different species. Intercellular signaling occurs between two cells of the same species.
-
Intracellular signaling occurs between two cells of same species. Intercellular signaling occurs between cells of two different species.
-
Intracellular signaling occurs within a cell. Intercellular signaling occurs between cells.
-
Intracellular signaling occurs between cells. Intercellular signaling occurs within cell.
-
Internal receptors bind to ligands that are hydrophobic and the ligand-receptor complex directly enters the nucleus, initiating transcription and translation. Cell- surface receptors bind to hydrophilic ligands and initiate a signaling cascade that indirectly influences the making of a functional protein.
-
Internal receptors bind to ligands that are hydrophilic and the ligand-receptor complex directly enters the nucleus, initiating transcription and translation. Cell-surface receptors bind to hydrophobic ligands and initiate a signaling cascade that indirectly influences the making of a functional protein.
-
Internal receptors bind to ligands that are hydrophobic and initiate the signaling cascade that indirectly influences the making of a functional protein. Cell-surface receptors bind to hydrophilic ligands and a ligand-receptor complex directly enters the nucleus, initiating transcription and translation.
-
Internal receptors are integral membrane proteins that bind to hydrophobic ligands, initiating a signaling cascade, which indirectly influences the making of a functional protein. Cell-surface receptors bind to hydrophilic ligands and the ligand-receptor complex directly enters the nucleus, initiating transcription and translation.
-
G-protein-linked R receptor
-
ligand-gated ion channel
-
voltage-gated ion channel
-
receptor tyrosine kinase
-
Different cells produce the same receptors, which bind to the same ligands but have differing responses in each cell type.
-
Cells produce variants of a particular receptor for a particular ligand through alternative splicing, resulting in a different response in each cell.
-
Cells contain different genes, which produce different receptors that bind to the same ligand, activating different responses in each cell.
-
Cells produce different receptors that bind to the same ligand, or the same receptor that binds to the same ligand with different signaling components, activating different responses in each cell.
-
It would activate the pathway normally triggered by the receptor that contributed the intracellular domain.
-
It would activate the same pathway even after the intracellular domain was changed with the domain from another receptor.
-
The receptor would become mutated and thus non-functional, not activating any pathway.
-
The receptor would become mutated and lead to continuous cell signaling, even in the absence of a ligand.
-
It would activate the EGFR pathway.
-
It would block the EGFR pathway
-
It would have no effect and the EGFR pathway so would not interfer with replication of cancerous cells.
-
It would lead to overexpression of the EGFR pathway.
-
Contact of receptors with the extracellular matrix maintains equilibrium of the cell and provides optimal pH for the growth of the cells.
-
Contact of the receptor with the extracellular matrix helps maintain concentration gradients across membrane, resulting in the flow of ions.
-
The extracellular matrix provides nutrients for the cell, supporting receptor function.
-
The extracellular matrix connects the cell to the external environment and ensures correct positioning of the cell to prevent metastasis.
-
protein expression: binding of epinephrine (adrenaline) to a G-protein-linked receptor; cellular metabolism: the MAP-kinase cascade; cell division: promoted by the binding of the EGF to its receptor tyrosine kinase
-
protein expression: the MAP-kinase cascade; cellular metabolism- binding of epinephrine (adrenaline) to a G-protein-linked receptor; cell division promoted by the binding of the EGF to its receptor tyrosine kinase
-
protein expression: binding of the EGF to its receptor tyrosine kinase; cellular metabolism: the MAP-kinase cascade; cell division: FAS-RAS signaling.
-
protein expression: RAS signaling; cellular metabolism: binding of the EGF to its receptor tyrosine kinase promotes an increase; cell division: binding of epinephrine (adrenaline) to a G-protein-linked receptor.
-
gain of function mutation in RAS protein, mutation in I κ -B, loss of function mutation in genes for MAPK kinase pathway, regulated phosphorylation cascade
-
loss of function mutation in RAS protein and gain of function mutation in RAF protein, I κ -B permanently bound to NF- κ B, regulated phosphorylation cascade
-
RAS protein unable to hydrolyze its bound GTP, loss of function mutation in I κ -B, gain of function mutation in genes for MAPK kinase pathway, unregulated phosphorylation cascade
-
unregulated phosphorylation cascade, loss of function mutation in RAS and RAF protein, mutation in genes for MAPK kinase pathway, regulated phosphorylation cascade
-
Yeasts are prokaryotes. They have a short life cycle, reproduce rapidly, and share similarities with humans in certain regulating mechanisms.
-
Yeasts are eukaryotes. They have a short life cycle, are easy to grow, and share similarities with humans in certain regulating mechanisms.
-
Yeasts are multicellular organisms. They have a predictable life cycle, are easy to grow, and offer contrasts to humans in certain regulating mechanisms.
-
Yeasts are single-celled organisms. They have a complex life cycle like that of humans and share similarities in regulating mechanisms.
-
Multicellular organisms coordinate between distantly located cells; single-celled organisms communicate only with nearby cells.
-
Multicellular organisms involve receptors for signaling; single-celled organisms communicate by fusion of plasma membrane with the nearby cells.
-
Multicellular organisms require more time for signal transduction than single-celled organisms, as they show compartmentalization.
-
Multicellular organisms require more time for signal transduction than single-celled organisms, as they lack compartmentalization.
Biofilms are a prominent danger in infectious disease treatment today because it is difficult to find drugs that can penetrate the biofilm. What characteristics would a drug have if it aimed to prevent bacteria from forming biofilms in the first place? Explain your answer.
-
Signaling in yeast uses the RTK pathway and is evolutionarily conserved, like insulin signaling in humans.
-
Signaling in yeast uses G-protein coupled receptors for signaling and is evolutionarily conserved, like insulin signaling in humans.
-
Signaling in yeast uses an endocrine pathway and is evolutionarily conserved, like insulin signaling in humans.
-
Mating factor in yeast uses an autocrine signaling pathway and is evolutionarily conserved.