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28 .
One type of mutation in the CFTR protein prevents the transport of chloride ions through the channel. Which of the following is most likely to be observed in the lungs of patients with this mutation?
  1. dehydrated epithelial cells
  2. dehydrated mucus
  3. mucus with excess water
  4. mucus with high electrolyte concentration
29 .
Arsenic poisoning disrupts ATP production by inhibiting several of the enzymes in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. Some of the symptoms of arsenic poisoning are similar to cystic fibrosis (CF); a hereditary disorder that results in difficulty breathing and frequent lung infections. What impact might arsenic poisoning have on components of the plasma membrane and transport that result in CF-like symptoms?
  1. Arsenic poisoning disrupts ATP production, leading to decreased transport of Cl − ions by epithelial cells. This leads to decreased electrolyte concentration in the mucus and retention of water into the cells. The mucus becomes dehydrated, as in CF.
  2. Arsenic poisoning disrupts the Na + / Cl − pump, leading to decreased transport of Cl − ions outside the epithelial cells. This increases the electrolyte concentration in the mucus and movement of water out of the cells. The mucus becomes hydrated as in CF.
  3. Arsenic poisoning affects the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, leading to decreased transport of Na + ions outside the epithelial cells. This leads to increased electrolyte concentration in the mucus and movement of water into the cells. The mucus becomes dehydrated as in CF.
  4. Arsenic poisoning disrupts the binding sites for Cl − ions, leading to decreased transport of Cl − ions outside the epithelial cells. This leads to decreased electrolyte concentration in the mucus and movement of water outside the cells. The mucus becomes hydrated as in CF.
30 .
In individuals with normally functioning CFTR protein, which substances are transported via active transport?
  1. Cl −
  2. mucus
  3. Na +
  4. water
31 .

A table with seven columns and seven rows summarizes the results of seven experiments that examined the locations of binding sites for sodium ions, potassium ions, and A T P. From left to right, the headings in the columns are as follows: Experiment; A T P present inside cells?; A T P present outside cells?; Ouabain present inside cells?; Oubain present outside cells?; Was N a plus transported?; Was K plus transported? From top to bottom, the Experiment column contains rows numbered 1 through 7. The data in the rows is as follows. A T P was present inside cells in experiments 1, 2, 5, 6, and 7 and was not present inside cells in experiments 3 and 4. A T P was present outside cells in experiments 1 and 3 only. Ouabain was present inside cells in experiments 5 and 6 only. Ouabain was present outside cells in experiments 5 and 7 only. N a plus was transported in experiments 1, 2, and 7 only. K plus was transported in experiments 1, 2, and 6 only.

The sodium-potassium ( Na + / K + ) pump functions like an anti-porter transporting Na + and K + across membranes using ATP. This protein spans the membrane with intracellular and extracellular domains. It has a binding site for Na + , K + , and ATP. An experiment was conducted to determine the locations of these binding sites. Artificial cells were created and incubated in buffers containing ATP, ouabain (or oubain), Na + , and K + in varying combinations inside and outside of the cell as indicated in the chart. The transport of Na + and K + was measured to determine activity of the Na + / K + pump. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the data?

  1. Ouabain does not disrupt ATP binding to the Na + / K + pump.
  2. ATP is required for transport of Na + and not for transport of K + .
  3. The ATP binding site of the Na + / K + pump is located on the intracellular domain of the pump.
  4. The ATP binding site of the Na + / K + pump is located on the extracellular domain of the pump.
32 .

A graph has a horizontal axis labeled Osmolarity of solution (m M) on an increasing scale and a vertical axis labeled Rate of contraction (contractions per minute) on an increasing scale. A diagonal line begins near the start of the horizontal axis and near the top of the vertical axis. This line extends down to end at the right end of the horizontal axis near the bottom of the vertical axis.

Paramecia are unicellular protists that have contractile vacuoles to remove excess intracellular water. In an experimental investigation, Paramecia were placed in salt solutions of increasing osmolarity. The rate at which a Paramecium's contractile vacuole contracted to pump out excess water was determined and plotted against osmolarity of the solutions, as shown in the graph. Which of the following is the correct explanation for the data?

  1. At higher osmolarity, lower rates of contraction are required because more salt diffuses into the Paramecium.
  2. In an isosmotic salt solution, there is no diffusion of water into or out of the Paramecium, so the contraction rate is zero.
  3. The contraction rate increases as the osmolarity decreases because the amount of water entering the Paramecium by osmosis increases.
  4. The contractile vacuole is less efficient in solutions of high osmolarity because of the reduced amount of ATP produced from cellular respiration.
33 .
What is most likely to happen if Paramecia, pictured here, are moved from a hypertonic solution to solutions of decreasing osmolarity? A transmission electron micrograph shows an oval-shaped cell. Contractile vacuoles are prominent structures embedded in the cell membrane that pump out water.
  1. The rate of contraction would increase with decreasing osmolarity because more water diffuses into the Paramecium.
  2. The rate of contraction would decrease with decreasing osmolarity because more water diffuses into the Paramecium.
  3. The rate of contraction would increase with decreasing osmolarity because more salt diffuses into the Paramecium.
  4. The rate of contraction would decrease with decreasing osmolarity because more salt diffuses into the Paramecium.
34 .

A table with seven columns and seven rows summarizes the results of seven experiments that examined the locations of binding sites for sodium ions, potassium ions, and A T P. From left to right, the headings in the columns are as follows: Experiment; A T P present inside cells?; A T P present outside cells?; Ouabain present inside cells?; Oubain present outside cells?; Was N a plus transported?; Was K plus transported? From top to bottom, the Experiment column contains rows numbered 1 through 7. The data in the rows is as follows. A T P was present inside cells in experiments 1, 2, 5, 6, and 7 and was not present inside cells in experiments 3 and 4. A T P was present outside cells in experiments 1 and 3 only. Ouabain was present inside cells in experiments 5 and 6 only. Ouabain was present outside cells in experiments 5 and 7 only. N a plus was transported in experiments 1, 2, and 7 only. K plus was transported in experiments 1, 2, and 6 only.

Describe the Na+/K+ pump, labeling the binding sites for Na+, K+, and ATP. Explain how the data indicates the location of the binding sites for Na+ and K+ on the pump. Based on the data, which statement describes the location of the binding sites for Na+ and K+ on the pump?

  1. The binding of Na+ occurs on the outer surface of the cell, as its transportation remains unaffected by the presence of ouabain. The binding of K+ occurs on the inner surface of the cell, as its transportation is blocked when ouabain is present inside the cell
  2. The binding of K+ occurs on the outer surface of the cell, as its transportation is blocked when ouabain is present outside the cell. The binding of Na+ occurs on the inner surface of the cell and its transportation is blocked by the presence of ouabain.
  3. The binding of K+ occurs on the outer surface of the cell and the binding of Na+ occurs on the inner surface of the cell, as they are not transported when ATP is absent.
  4. The binding of Na+ occurs on the outer surface of the cell and the binding of K+ occurs on the inner surface of the cell, as they are not transported when ATP is absent.
35 .

An illustration of a beaker filled with distilled water that has a dialysis-tubing bag, tied shut at both ends, fully submerged in the water. The dialysis-tubing bag contains 5 percent lactose and 5 percent fructose.

An experiment was set up to determine the movement of molecules through a dialysis-tubing bag into water. A dialysis-tubing bag containing 5 % lactose and 5 % fructose was placed in a beaker of distilled water, as illustrated. After four hours, fructose is detected in the distilled water outside of the dialysis-tubing bag, but lactose is not. What conclusions can be made about the movement of molecules in this experiment?

  1. Fructose, being a monosaccharide, diffused through the dialysis bag into the distilled water. However, lactose, being a disaccharide, could not diffuse through the dialysis bag.
  2. Fructose was homogenized by lactose, allowing the fructose to diffuse through the dialysis bag and into the distilled water. Lactose is not homogenized, so it could not pass through the dialysis bag.
  3. Fructose and lactose are oppositely charged and separated out due to the force of repulsion.
  4. Fructose diffused because of the pore specificity of the semipermeable membrane, not because of its concentration gradient.
36 .
(credit: modification of work by Mazuraan/Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0)
This is the 3D structure of clathrin, with an individual subunit highlighed in blue. What is a functional reason for this structure?
  1. Clathrin stabilizes the section of the membrane forming the vesicle.
  2. Clathrin is heat resistant.
  3. The interlocking clathrin subunits provide a rigid cell structure.
  4. Clathrin fuses with the trans Golgi apparatus.
37 .
Which of the following statements appropriately describe the role of clathrin in neutrophils based on your understanding of phagocytosis?
  1. Clathrin tethers the antigen to the cytoskeleton.
  2. Clathrin opposes phagocytosis.
  3. Clathrin marks the antigen on the invading cell for phagocytosis by neutrophils.
  4. Clathrin stabilizes the inward facing surface of the plasma membrane, which engulfs the antigen.
38 .
Mast cells produce signals that activate inflammation. Neutrophils are phagocytic white blood cells. Monocytes are the largest type of white blood cell that engulf pathogens. Based on the information provided, which cell types produce endosomes?
  1. monocytes and mast cells
  2. neutrophils, monocytes, and mast cells
  3. neutrophils and mast cells
  4. neutrophils and monocytes
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