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Biology for AP® Courses

Review Questions

Biology for AP® CoursesReview Questions
Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. The Chemistry of Life
    1. 1 The Study of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 1.1 The Science of Biology
      3. 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Review Questions
      7. Critical Thinking Questions
      8. Test Prep for AP® Courses
    2. 2 The Chemical Foundation of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
      3. 2.2 Water
      4. 2.3 Carbon
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 3 Biological Macromolecules
      1. Introduction
      2. 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
      3. 3.2 Carbohydrates
      4. 3.3 Lipids
      5. 3.4 Proteins
      6. 3.5 Nucleic Acids
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  3. The Cell
    1. 4 Cell Structure
      1. Introduction
      2. 4.1 Studying Cells
      3. 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
      4. 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
      5. 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
      6. 4.5 Cytoskeleton
      7. 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
      12. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      13. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 5 Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes
      1. Introduction
      2. 5.1 Components and Structure
      3. 5.2 Passive Transport
      4. 5.3 Active Transport
      5. 5.4 Bulk Transport
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 6 Metabolism
      1. Introduction
      2. 6.1 Energy and Metabolism
      3. 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
      4. 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics
      5. 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
      6. 6.5 Enzymes
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 7 Cellular Respiration
      1. Introduction
      2. 7.1 Energy in Living Systems
      3. 7.2 Glycolysis
      4. 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
      5. 7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation
      6. 7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen
      7. 7.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways
      8. 7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    5. 8 Photosynthesis
      1. Introduction
      2. 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
      3. 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
      4. 8.3 Using Light to Make Organic Molecules
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    6. 9 Cell Communication
      1. Introduction
      2. 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
      3. 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
      4. 9.3 Response to the Signal
      5. 9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    7. 10 Cell Reproduction
      1. Introduction
      2. 10.1 Cell Division
      3. 10.2 The Cell Cycle
      4. 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
      5. 10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
      6. 10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  4. Genetics
    1. 11 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
      1. Introduction
      2. 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
      3. 11.2 Sexual Reproduction
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Review Questions
      7. Critical Thinking Questions
      8. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      9. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 12 Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
      1. Introduction
      2. 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
      3. 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
      4. 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 13 Modern Understandings of Inheritance
      1. Introduction
      2. 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkages
      3. 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Review Questions
      7. Critical Thinking Questions
      8. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      9. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 14 DNA Structure and Function
      1. Introduction
      2. 14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
      3. 14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing
      4. 14.3 Basics of DNA Replication
      5. 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
      6. 14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
      7. 14.6 DNA Repair
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
      12. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      13. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    5. 15 Genes and Proteins
      1. Introduction
      2. 15.1 The Genetic Code
      3. 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
      4. 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
      5. 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
      6. 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    6. 16 Gene Regulation
      1. Introduction
      2. 16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression
      3. 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
      4. 16.3 Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation
      5. 16.4 Eukaryotic Transcriptional Gene Regulation
      6. 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
      7. 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
      8. 16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    7. 17 Biotechnology and Genomics
      1. Introduction
      2. 17.1 Biotechnology
      3. 17.2 Mapping Genomes
      4. 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
      5. 17.4 Applying Genomics
      6. 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  5. Evolutionary Processes
    1. 18 Evolution and Origin of Species
      1. Introduction
      2. 18.1 Understanding Evolution
      3. 18.2 Formation of New Species
      4. 18.3 Reconnection and Rates of Speciation
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 19 The Evolution of Populations
      1. Introduction
      2. 19.1 Population Evolution
      3. 19.2 Population Genetics
      4. 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 20 Phylogenies and the History of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
      3. 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
      4. 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  6. Biological Diversity
    1. 21 Viruses
      1. Introduction
      2. 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
      3. 21.2 Virus Infection and Hosts
      4. 21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
      5. 21.4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 22 Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
      1. Introduction
      2. 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
      3. 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes
      4. 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
      5. 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
      6. 22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  7. Plant Structure and Function
    1. 23 Plant Form and Physiology
      1. Introduction
      2. 23.1 The Plant Body
      3. 23.2 Stems
      4. 23.3 Roots
      5. 23.4 Leaves
      6. 23.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
      7. 23.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
      12. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      13. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  8. Animal Structure and Function
    1. 24 The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function
      1. Introduction
      2. 24.1 Animal Form and Function
      3. 24.2 Animal Primary Tissues
      4. 24.3 Homeostasis
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
    2. 25 Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System
      1. Introduction
      2. 25.1 Digestive Systems
      3. 25.2 Nutrition and Energy Production
      4. 25.3 Digestive System Processes
      5. 25.4 Digestive System Regulation
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 26 The Nervous System
      1. Introduction
      2. 26.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
      3. 26.2 How Neurons Communicate
      4. 26.3 The Central Nervous System
      5. 26.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
      6. 26.5 Nervous System Disorders
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 27 Sensory Systems
      1. Introduction
      2. 27.1 Sensory Processes
      3. 27.2 Somatosensation
      4. 27.3 Taste and Smell
      5. 27.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
      6. 27.5 Vision
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    5. 28 The Endocrine System
      1. Introduction
      2. 28.1 Types of Hormones
      3. 28.2 How Hormones Work
      4. 28.3 Regulation of Body Processes
      5. 28.4 Regulation of Hormone Production
      6. 28.5 Endocrine Glands
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    6. 29 The Musculoskeletal System
      1. Introduction
      2. 29.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
      3. 29.2 Bone
      4. 29.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
      5. 29.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    7. 30 The Respiratory System
      1. Introduction
      2. 30.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
      3. 30.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
      4. 30.3 Breathing
      5. 30.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    8. 31 The Circulatory System
      1. Introduction
      2. 31.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
      3. 31.2 Components of the Blood
      4. 31.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
      5. 31.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    9. 32 Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
      1. Introduction
      2. 32.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
      3. 32.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
      4. 32.3 Excretion Systems
      5. 32.4 Nitrogenous Wastes
      6. 32.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
    10. 33 The Immune System
      1. Introduction
      2. 33.1 Innate Immune Response
      3. 33.2 Adaptive Immune Response
      4. 33.3 Antibodies
      5. 33.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    11. 34 Animal Reproduction and Development
      1. Introduction
      2. 34.1 Reproduction Methods
      3. 34.2 Fertilization
      4. 34.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
      5. 34.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
      6. 34.5 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
      7. 34.6 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation
      8. 34.7 Human Pregnancy and Birth
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  9. Ecology
    1. 35 Ecology and the Biosphere
      1. Introduction
      2. 35.1 The Scope of Ecology
      3. 35.2 Biogeography
      4. 35.3 Terrestrial Biomes
      5. 35.4 Aquatic Biomes
      6. 35.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 36 Population and Community Ecology
      1. Introduction
      2. 36.1 Population Demography
      3. 36.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection
      4. 36.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
      5. 36.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
      6. 36.5 Human Population Growth
      7. 36.6 Community Ecology
      8. 36.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 37 Ecosystems
      1. Introduction
      2. 37.1 Ecology for Ecosystems
      3. 37.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
      4. 37.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 38 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
      1. Introduction
      2. 38.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
      3. 38.2 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
      4. 38.3 Threats to Biodiversity
      5. 38.4 Preserving Biodiversity
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
  10. A | The Periodic Table of Elements
  11. B | Geological Time
  12. C | Measurements and the Metric System
  13. Index
1 .
Which method of reproduction produces identical offspring and is most successful in a stable environment?
  1. asexual reproduction
  2. sexual
  3. conjugation
  4. inbreeding
2 .
Which method produces genetically-unique offspring?
  1. parthenogenesis
  2. budding
  3. fragmentation
  4. sexual reproduction
3 .
Which of the following statements is false?
  1. Budding is a method of asexual reproduction.
  2. Fragmentation is a method of asexual reproduction.
  3. Parthenogenesis is a type of sexual reproduction that produces diverse offspring.
  4. Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction.
4 .
Sea stars are broken apart by workers to save the clams they feed on, and then thrown back into the ocean. Often the numbers of sea stars are seen to double after this. Give the reason why this happens.
  1. regeneration
  2. fragmentation
  3. budding
  4. the presence of suitable conditions
5 .
Which form of reproduction might be utilized by a sexually reproducing animal that has limited mobility?
  1. fragmentation
  2. budding
  3. hermaphroditism
  4. parthenogenesis
6 .
In sexual reproduction, gametes with either an X or Y chromosome are formed in males, whereas gametes in females contain a single X chromosome. What is the nature of both male and female gametes?
  1. diploid
  2. haploid
  3. homozygous
  4. heterozygous
7 .
External fertilization most commonly occurs in which type of environment?
  1. aquatic
  2. forests
  3. savanna
  4. steppe
8 .
Why is broadcast spawning considered advantageous?
  1. Production of many eggs increases the chance of fertilization.
  2. Production of many sperm increases the chance of fertilization.
  3. It results in mixing of genes and greater genetic diversity.
  4. Animals that are motile carry out this process.
9 .
Which term applies to egg development outside the female with nourishment derived from a yolk?
  1. oviparity
  2. viviparity
  3. ovoviparity
  4. ovovoparity
10 .
(credit: modification of work by Sasanami T, et al./Europe PMC)

The image shows the reproductive system of a female bird.

Which option describes how the egg is deposited outside?

  1. The egg is deposited outside from the vaginal opening.
  2. The egg is passed to the cloaca and is deposited from the cloacal opening.
  3. The egg is kept in side until it hatches. The bird gives live birth from the vaginal opening.
  4. The egg is kept in side until it hatches. The offpsring passes to cloaca and the bird gives live birth through the cloacal opening.
11 .
Which of the following structures is involved in mating in birds?
  1. cloaca
  2. spermatheca
  3. uterus
  4. coelom
12 .
The spermatheca, which is found in many insects, worms, and mollusks, is useful for _____.
  1. spermatogenesis
  2. sperm motility
  3. growth of embryos
  4. storing sperm and as a site for fertilization
13 .
Which part of the male reproductive system produces most of the semen?
  1. scrotum
  2. seminal vesicles
  3. seminiferous tubules
  4. prostate gland
14 .
How is an oocyte released from a human ovary so it can enter the oviduct?
  1. the beating action of the flagellum on the oocyte
  2. the force of the follicular ejection directing the oocyte into the oviduct
  3. the wavelike beating of cilia lining the oviduct
  4. muscular contraction of the ovaries
15 .
Which organ has the same embryonic origin as the penis?
  1. clitoris
  2. labia majora
  3. greater vestibular glands
  4. vagina
16 .
Which structure is only related to the male urinary system, as opposed to the male reproductive system?
  1. urinary bladder
  2. cowper’s gland
  3. bulbourethral gland
  4. urethra
17 .
How many eggs are produced as a result of one meiotic series of cell divisions?
  1. 1
  2. 2
  3. 3
  4. 4
18 .
Which of the following events activate the germ cells at puberty to produce spermatozoa?
  1. activation by gonadotropin-releasing hormone
  2. activation by increased hair growth
  3. increase in blood volume
  4. increase of secretion of testosterone
19 .
What stimulates Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone?
  1. FSH
  2. LH
  3. inhibin
  4. estrogen
20 .
In both males and females, the hormones FSH and LH play a critical role in the reproductive phase. What regulates the secretion of these hormones?
  1. GnRH
  2. estrogen
  3. progesterone
  4. inhibin
21 .
Which hormone prepares the endometrial lining of the uterus for potential implantation?
  1. testosterone
  2. estrogen
  3. GnRH
  4. progesterone
22 .
With the onset of menopause, the follicles stop responding to which of the following hormones?
  1. estradiol and progesterone
  2. progesterone and estrogen
  3. FSH and LH
  4. FSH and GnRH
23 .
After ovulation, increasing amounts of _____ cause the endometrium to start to thicken.
  1. fluid
  2. LH
  3. progesterone
  4. GnRH
24 .
What characterizes the acrosomal reactions?
  1. The sperm degrades the outermost layer of the egg to penetrate it.
  2. motility of the sperm
  3. fusion of the egg and sperm
  4. breakdown of the envelope covering the sperm head
25 .
What occurs as a result of fertilization of an egg and sperm?
  1. Fertilization restores diploidy.
  2. Fertilization always results in a viable embryo.
  3. Fertilization merges two diploid cells into a haploid cell.
  4. Fertilization precedes ovulation.
26 .
Which of the following statements regarding early embryonic stages is false?
  1. The endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm are germ layers.
  2. The trophoblast is a germ layer.
  3. The inner cell mass is a source of embryonic stem cells.
  4. The blastula is often a hollow ball of cells.
27 .
Gastrulation is the process in which the cells in the blastula rearrange themselves and form three layers of cells. Each layer will differentiate into a different organ system. At what point of development do the major organs begin to develop?
  1. fertilization
  2. first trimester
  3. second trimester
  4. third trimester
28 .
What happens to the number of cells during cleavage?
  1. increases
  2. decreases
  3. doubles with every cell division
  4. does not change significantly
29 .
The blastula stage is a mass of specialized cells. Of the following, which forms the liver cells?
  1. inner cell mass
  2. trophoblast
  3. blastula
  4. blastomere
30 .
Which germ layer forms the skin cells?
  1. endoderm
  2. ectoderm
  3. mesoderm
  4. trophoblast
31 .
What are the three phases of embryonic development in chronological order?
  1. blastula → gastrula → cleavage
  2. blastula → cleavage → gastrula
  3. cleavage → gastrula → blastula
  4. cleavage → blastula → gastrula
32 .
Which of the following does not describe axes of symmetry in animals?
  1. anterior-posterior
  2. dorsal-ventral
  3. upper-lower
  4. lateral-median
33 .
Which of the following statements best summarizes the factors controlling symmetry?
  1. Axis formation is genetically determined.
  2. Body symmetry is independent of genes.
  3. Body symmetry is determined at the blastula stage.
  4. Body symmetry is determined as the embryo grows in length.
34 .
The neural plate undergoes folding and movement of cells to form which structure?
  1. neural tube
  2. epidermis
  3. mesoderm
  4. neural cord
35 .
What is necessary for normal human fertilization to occur?
  1. Many eggs must be released.
  2. The uterus must be enlarged.
  3. One sperm needs to penetrate one egg.
  4. Secretion of pituitary FSH and LH must decrease.
36 .
Before pregnancy, progesterone is produced by the ovaries to thicken the endometrial lining and ensure pregnancy. During the third trimester of pregnancy, which organ produces progesterone?
  1. placenta
  2. endometrial lining
  3. chorion
  4. corpus luteum
37 .
Which hormone is primarily responsible for the contractions during labor?
  1. oxytocin
  2. estrogen
  3. β-HCG
  4. progesterone
38 .
What happens before the baby and placenta are expelled?
  1. Thinning and dilation of the cervix take place.
  2. There is increased blood flow to the baby.
  3. Enlargement of the uterus takes place.
  4. Increased production of estrogen occurs.
39 .
Which type of short-term contraceptive method is generally more effective than others?
  1. barrier
  2. hormonal implants
  3. natural family planning
  4. withdrawal
40 .
Which of the following best indicates that a female is ovulating?
  1. slight decrease in body temperature
  2. decrease in cervical volume
  3. more pliable cervical secretions
  4. change in breast size
41 .
Fertility is generally unaffected by_____.
  1. sexually transmitted diseases
  2. obstruction of reproductive tubes
  3. drug use
  4. genetic factors
42 .
What occurs in the procedure known as in vitro fertilization (IVF)?
  1. A sperm is injected into the egg externally.
  2. An egg is fertilized by the sperm internally in the oviduct.
  3. Eggs and sperm are combined externally and then implanted.
  4. Egg and sperm are combined externally and the resulting embryo is implanted.
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