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32 .

The photo shows a round, green cell with a smooth, shiny surface. The cell resembles a balloon.

The cell of the unicellular algae Ventricaria ventricosa is one of the largest known, reaching one to five centimeters in diameter. Like all single-celled organisms, V. ventricosa exchanges gases across the cell membrane. What adaptations would V. ventricosa likely have evolved related to its large size and ability to exchange materials with the outside environment?

  1. adaptations that would decrease cell metabolism to meet the needs of the large cell
  2. adaptations that would make the cell thicker, to reduce the loss of nutrients
  3. adaptations that make diffusion or nutrient passage across their cell membrane more efficient due to the large size of the cell
  4. adaptations that allow the cell to take in larger food objects using the components of its cell membrane
33 .
(credit: modification of work by James F. Gillooly, et al./PNAS)

The graph shows the total respiratory surface area against body mass for different animals.

Make a claim based on this graph.

  1. Larger animals have larger respiratory surfaces.
  2. Larger animals have more efficient respiratory surfaces.
  3. Smaller animals have higher metabolic rates.
  4. Smaller animals have more efficient respiratory surfaces.
34.

Figure 30.10 shows a human alveolus, which is part of the respiratory system. What do arrows A and B represent in the diagram?

  1. A: inhaled air; B: blood travelling from the heart
  2. A: exhaled air; B: blood travelling from the heart
  3. A: inhaled air; B: blood travelling to the heart
  4. A: exhaled air; B: blood traveling from the heart
35 .

Intubation is a procedure used by ambulance crews that allows a person to breathe if part of the respiratory system is blocked by a foreign object (or otherwise injured). During intubation, a long, plastic tube is placed in the respiratory system so that air can bypass the obstructed area and reach the lungs. Typically, air is supplied artificially using a squeezable bag that connects to the top of the tube. The illustration shows the human respiratory system. The nasal cavity is a wide cavity above and behind the nostrils, and the pharynx is the passageway behind the mouth and oral cavity. The nasal cavity and pharynx join and enter the trachea through the larynx. The larynx is somewhat wider than the trachea and flat. The trachea has concentric, ring-like grooves, giving it a bumpy appearance. The trachea bifurcates into two primary bronchi, which are also grooved. The primary bronchi enter the lungs, and branch into secondary bronchi. The secondary bronchi in turn branch into many tertiary bronchi. The tertiary bronchi branch into bronchioles, which branch into terminal bronchioles. The diaphragm pushes up against the lungs. There is an intubation site indicated at the beginning of the pharynx. A patient has been surgically intubated in the location shown in the diagram. Based on this information, make a claim that identifies where the injury likely occurred in the patient’s respiratory system. Justify your claim with reasoning.

An illustration shows a human torso and lower head with the respiratory system highlighted. The head is turned to the viewer's right. Openings from the nose and mouth represent the nasal and oral cavity and come together to form the pharynx just to the right of the midline of the head. There they extend downward and branch to a short, thick piece extending to the lower right and a long thin piece extending to the lower left behind the lungs. The thick piece has a flat base where it joins the larynx, a short, wide, flattened region at the top of the trachea that contains an oval labeled intubation site. The trachea is a thick tube encircled by concentric horizontal ring-like grooves along its length. The trachea extends down between the left and right lungs before branching into two primary bronchi, which each have similar concentric patterns. The primary bronchus that extends to the viewer's left is hidden within the lung to the viewer's left, which contains many wide tubes that branch into smaller tubes that branch into even smaller tubes. The larger tubes represent secondary bronchi that branch into smaller tertiary bronchi that branch into even smaller bronchioles that branch into terminal bronchioles. All of these smaller tubes lack concentric patterns. The primary bronchus that extends to the lung on the viewer's right is shown branching into a clump of tubes that extend outward in all directions to form a roughly oval structure. There is a space between the lungs beneath the split of the trachea into the primary bronchi. The outer boundaries of the lungs are each covered by a layer of small ovals that lie lengthwise against the lung with a wavy line on their outer boundary. A solid line representing the diaphragm extends up on the viewer's left to run along the bottoms of both lungs before bending down on the viewer's right.

  1. The injury occurred in the oral cavity, because it is above the intubation site.
  2. The injury occurred in the oral cavity, because it is below the intubation site.
  3. The injury occurred in the trachea, because it is above the intubation site.
  4. The injury occurred in the larynx, because it is below the intubation site.
36 .

The illustration shows a body cell at left with the label PO2 = 46 mm Hg and a blood vessel at right with the label PO2 = 46 mm Hg.

Our body systems work to maintain homeostasis by adjusting when body cells need more oxygen or are experiencing a buildup of carbon dioxide. How would the body likely respond if some of its cells were experiencing the situation pictured?

  1. Generating neural signals that stimulate the heart to beat at a faster rate.
  2. Releasing hormones that stimulate body cells to undergo more active transport.
  3. Releasing red blood cells that can accept oxygen using diffusion as opposed to facilitated passive transport.
  4. Adjust blood pH to decrease the partial pressure of CO2 in the body cells.
37 .

The illustration shows a body cell at left with the label PCO2 = 40 mm Hg and a blood vessel at right with the label PCO2 = 40 mm Hg.

The diagram shows a red blood cell in an alveolus and then in a body tissue. In which direction should the arrows point for the diffusion of oxygen and CO2? Make a claim for how each partial pressure (body cell and RBC) should be labeled as “high” or “low” to accomplish this diffusion.

  1. O2→ CO2←; Body cell PO2= low; RBC PO2= high; Body cell PCO2= high, RBC PCO2= low
  2. O2← CO2→; Body cell PO2= high; RBC PO2= low; Body cell PCO2= low, RBC PCO2= high
  3. O2← CO2→; Body cell PO2= low; RBC PO2= high; Body cell PCO2= high, RBC PCO2= low
  4. O2→ CO2←; Body cell PO2= high; RBC PO2= low; Body cell PCO2= low, RBC PCO2= high
38 .

The graph below shows an oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin. Based on the graph, describe the relationship between the hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen, the percent O2 saturation of hemoglobin, and the availability of oxygen in the air.

The pictured graph plots percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin as a function of oxygen partial pressure in the alveoli. Oxygen saturation increases in an S-shaped curve from 0 to 100 percent as the partial pressure of oxygen increases from 0 to 100. Make a claim for what changes to hemoglobin will occur as the curve levels off around a partial pressure of 60 mmHg.

  1. As the percent saturation of hemoglobin increases to its maximum, hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen increases as the availability of oxygen increases.
  2. As the percent saturation of hemoglobin decreases (without all of the oxygen dissociating), hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen decreases as the availability of oxygen decreases.
  3. As the percent saturation of hemoglobin increases to very high levels, hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen decreases due to its decreasing ability to bind oxygen.
  4. As the percent saturation of hemoglobin decreases, hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen increases as the availability of oxygen decreases.
39 .

The graph plots percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin as a function of oxygen partial pressure in the alveoli. Oxygen saturation is shown as a solid line that increases in an S-shaped curve, from 0 to 100 percent as the partial pressure of oxygen increases from 0 to 100. There is also a dashed line and arrow showing the curve shifting to the left and becoming more convex.

The provided graph shows an oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin. Based on the graph, make a claim for what would likely cause the curve to shift to the left, as represented by the dotted plot line.

  1. a decrease in carbon dioxide, an increase in pH, or a decrease in temperature
  2. an increase in carbon dioxide, an increase in pH, or a decrease in temperature
  3. a decrease in carbon dioxide, a decrease in pH, or a decrease in temperature
  4. a decrease in carbon dioxide, an increase in pH, or an increase in temperature
40 .
(credit: modification of work by Gerardo Poli/VetTimes)

The provided graph shows an oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin.

If the carbon dioxide concentration in the environment is increased, how will this affect the curve?

  1. The curve will become more flat.
  2. The curve will become taller.
  3. The curve will shift towards the right.
  4. The curve will shift towards the left.
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