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Biology for AP® Courses

Test Prep for AP® Courses

Biology for AP® CoursesTest Prep for AP® Courses

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Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. The Chemistry of Life
    1. 1 The Study of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 1.1 The Science of Biology
      3. 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Review Questions
      7. Critical Thinking Questions
      8. Test Prep for AP® Courses
    2. 2 The Chemical Foundation of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
      3. 2.2 Water
      4. 2.3 Carbon
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 3 Biological Macromolecules
      1. Introduction
      2. 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
      3. 3.2 Carbohydrates
      4. 3.3 Lipids
      5. 3.4 Proteins
      6. 3.5 Nucleic Acids
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  3. The Cell
    1. 4 Cell Structure
      1. Introduction
      2. 4.1 Studying Cells
      3. 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
      4. 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
      5. 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
      6. 4.5 Cytoskeleton
      7. 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
      12. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      13. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 5 Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes
      1. Introduction
      2. 5.1 Components and Structure
      3. 5.2 Passive Transport
      4. 5.3 Active Transport
      5. 5.4 Bulk Transport
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 6 Metabolism
      1. Introduction
      2. 6.1 Energy and Metabolism
      3. 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
      4. 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics
      5. 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
      6. 6.5 Enzymes
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 7 Cellular Respiration
      1. Introduction
      2. 7.1 Energy in Living Systems
      3. 7.2 Glycolysis
      4. 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
      5. 7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation
      6. 7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen
      7. 7.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways
      8. 7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    5. 8 Photosynthesis
      1. Introduction
      2. 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
      3. 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
      4. 8.3 Using Light to Make Organic Molecules
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    6. 9 Cell Communication
      1. Introduction
      2. 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
      3. 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
      4. 9.3 Response to the Signal
      5. 9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    7. 10 Cell Reproduction
      1. Introduction
      2. 10.1 Cell Division
      3. 10.2 The Cell Cycle
      4. 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
      5. 10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
      6. 10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  4. Genetics
    1. 11 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
      1. Introduction
      2. 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
      3. 11.2 Sexual Reproduction
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Review Questions
      7. Critical Thinking Questions
      8. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      9. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 12 Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
      1. Introduction
      2. 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
      3. 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
      4. 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 13 Modern Understandings of Inheritance
      1. Introduction
      2. 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkages
      3. 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Review Questions
      7. Critical Thinking Questions
      8. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      9. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 14 DNA Structure and Function
      1. Introduction
      2. 14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
      3. 14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing
      4. 14.3 Basics of DNA Replication
      5. 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
      6. 14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
      7. 14.6 DNA Repair
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
      12. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      13. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    5. 15 Genes and Proteins
      1. Introduction
      2. 15.1 The Genetic Code
      3. 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
      4. 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
      5. 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
      6. 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    6. 16 Gene Regulation
      1. Introduction
      2. 16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression
      3. 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
      4. 16.3 Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation
      5. 16.4 Eukaryotic Transcriptional Gene Regulation
      6. 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
      7. 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
      8. 16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    7. 17 Biotechnology and Genomics
      1. Introduction
      2. 17.1 Biotechnology
      3. 17.2 Mapping Genomes
      4. 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
      5. 17.4 Applying Genomics
      6. 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  5. Evolutionary Processes
    1. 18 Evolution and Origin of Species
      1. Introduction
      2. 18.1 Understanding Evolution
      3. 18.2 Formation of New Species
      4. 18.3 Reconnection and Rates of Speciation
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 19 The Evolution of Populations
      1. Introduction
      2. 19.1 Population Evolution
      3. 19.2 Population Genetics
      4. 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 20 Phylogenies and the History of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
      3. 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
      4. 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  6. Biological Diversity
    1. 21 Viruses
      1. Introduction
      2. 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
      3. 21.2 Virus Infection and Hosts
      4. 21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
      5. 21.4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 22 Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
      1. Introduction
      2. 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
      3. 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes
      4. 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
      5. 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
      6. 22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  7. Plant Structure and Function
    1. 23 Plant Form and Physiology
      1. Introduction
      2. 23.1 The Plant Body
      3. 23.2 Stems
      4. 23.3 Roots
      5. 23.4 Leaves
      6. 23.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
      7. 23.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
      12. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      13. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  8. Animal Structure and Function
    1. 24 The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function
      1. Introduction
      2. 24.1 Animal Form and Function
      3. 24.2 Animal Primary Tissues
      4. 24.3 Homeostasis
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
    2. 25 Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System
      1. Introduction
      2. 25.1 Digestive Systems
      3. 25.2 Nutrition and Energy Production
      4. 25.3 Digestive System Processes
      5. 25.4 Digestive System Regulation
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 26 The Nervous System
      1. Introduction
      2. 26.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
      3. 26.2 How Neurons Communicate
      4. 26.3 The Central Nervous System
      5. 26.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
      6. 26.5 Nervous System Disorders
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 27 Sensory Systems
      1. Introduction
      2. 27.1 Sensory Processes
      3. 27.2 Somatosensation
      4. 27.3 Taste and Smell
      5. 27.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
      6. 27.5 Vision
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    5. 28 The Endocrine System
      1. Introduction
      2. 28.1 Types of Hormones
      3. 28.2 How Hormones Work
      4. 28.3 Regulation of Body Processes
      5. 28.4 Regulation of Hormone Production
      6. 28.5 Endocrine Glands
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    6. 29 The Musculoskeletal System
      1. Introduction
      2. 29.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
      3. 29.2 Bone
      4. 29.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
      5. 29.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    7. 30 The Respiratory System
      1. Introduction
      2. 30.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
      3. 30.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
      4. 30.3 Breathing
      5. 30.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    8. 31 The Circulatory System
      1. Introduction
      2. 31.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
      3. 31.2 Components of the Blood
      4. 31.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
      5. 31.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    9. 32 Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
      1. Introduction
      2. 32.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
      3. 32.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
      4. 32.3 Excretion Systems
      5. 32.4 Nitrogenous Wastes
      6. 32.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
    10. 33 The Immune System
      1. Introduction
      2. 33.1 Innate Immune Response
      3. 33.2 Adaptive Immune Response
      4. 33.3 Antibodies
      5. 33.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    11. 34 Animal Reproduction and Development
      1. Introduction
      2. 34.1 Reproduction Methods
      3. 34.2 Fertilization
      4. 34.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
      5. 34.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
      6. 34.5 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
      7. 34.6 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation
      8. 34.7 Human Pregnancy and Birth
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  9. Ecology
    1. 35 Ecology and the Biosphere
      1. Introduction
      2. 35.1 The Scope of Ecology
      3. 35.2 Biogeography
      4. 35.3 Terrestrial Biomes
      5. 35.4 Aquatic Biomes
      6. 35.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 36 Population and Community Ecology
      1. Introduction
      2. 36.1 Population Demography
      3. 36.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection
      4. 36.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
      5. 36.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
      6. 36.5 Human Population Growth
      7. 36.6 Community Ecology
      8. 36.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 37 Ecosystems
      1. Introduction
      2. 37.1 Ecology for Ecosystems
      3. 37.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
      4. 37.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 38 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
      1. Introduction
      2. 38.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
      3. 38.2 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
      4. 38.3 Threats to Biodiversity
      5. 38.4 Preserving Biodiversity
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
  10. A | The Periodic Table of Elements
  11. B | Geological Time
  12. C | Measurements and the Metric System
  13. Index
55 .

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells line the ducts of certain human exocrine glands. Various materials are transported into or out of the cells by diffusion. The formula for the surface area of a cube is 6 × S × S, and the formula for the volume of a cube is S × S × S, where S = the length of a side of a cube.

Structures which have a high surface area to volume ratio are better at facilitating diffusion. Based on this, which of the following cube-shaped cells would be most efficient in removing waste by diffusion?

4 cubes: one labeled 10 micrometers, one labeled 20 micrometers, one labeled 30 micrometers, one labeled 40 micrometers; rendered in proportionate sizes.

  1. Cube (a).
  2. Cube (b).
  3. Cube (c).
  4. Cube (d).
56 .

Celiac disease is dangerous in affected individuals, because ingesting gluten damages the villi of the small intestines.

Which option is a claim that explains why celiac disease would be potentially life threatening?

  1. The villi aid in mechanical digestion of food particles. When they are damaged, nutrients cannot be digested properly in the body.
  2. Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine, which aids in the absorption of bile salts. This nutrient cannot be absorbed when they are damaged.
  3. Villi decrease the surface area of the small intestine available for absorption. Nutrients cannot properly enter the bloodstream when they are damaged.
  4. Villi increase the surface area available for nutrient absorption. When villi are damaged, nutrients cannot properly enter the bloodstream.
57 .
One of the key features of villi and microvilli in the digestive system is their finger-like projection shape. Which of the following is an example of how the shape of microvilli can enhance nutrient absorption?
  1. Nutrients can enter the bloodstream through the blood vessels that are located in middle of the microvilli.
  2. Larger microvilli have more surface area over which more nutrients are absorbed.
  3. The microvilli projections aid in mechanical digestion of food particles.
  4. The finger-like projections prevent large particles of food from passing through the digestive system.
58 .

A micrograph shows tissue with an upper half that is grainy and a bottom half that consists of long, thin vertical protrusions that are closely packed to form an even lower border. The upper, solid portion of tissue contains a few irregular white spots and larger dark gray structures that range from circular to longer irregular oblongs. Some of the circular structures contain one or two dark dots and some of the other darker structures contain visible lines. Each vertical protrusion is approximately 10 n m in length with an additional 20 n m protruding into the top half.

This image shows a section from the small intestine. The vertical, stacked structures are microvilli, which absorb nutrients. Each microvillus is approximately 1 μm long by 0.1 μm in diameter.

Based on this picture, what advantage does having microvilli provide to an organism?

  1. Microvilli have a large surface area-to-volume ratio. This allows them to come in contact with nutrients easily.
  2. Microvilli have a small surface area-to-volume ratio. This there are more of them stacked in the same volume.
  3. Microvilli secrete enzymes that capture food particles as they pass over them. These enzymes are responsible for high absorption rates.
  4. Microvilli are warmer than the rest of the body. This temperature difference causes the microvilli to absorb nutrients rapidly.
59 .
Birds have several unique physical differences from other vertebrates, and several pertain to how birds process food. Some differences are obvious, such as the presence of a beak and no teeth, whereas other differences can be observed in their internal features. For example, birds have a monogastric digestive system like most other vertebrates, but their digestive system structure differs from that of most other monogastric vertebrates. Which of the following is true about how birds process food?
  1. Beak emergence coincided with insect inclusion in the bird diet.
  2. The gizzard is the primary site of mechanical digestion.
  3. Birds excrete nitrogenous waste and feces through separate openings.
  4. Birds digest plant material more slowly than ruminants.
60 .

As shown in this figure, the oral cavity has several components that contribute to ingestion and the initial stages of digestion. How do the components of the oral cavity work together to complete the first step of food processing?

Two cross-sections of head: top showing (clockwise) nasal cavity, oral cavity, uvula, pharynx, esophagus, larynx, tongue, jaw, lips; bottom showing (clockwise) parotid gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, teeth.

  1. The teeth and jaw mechanically chew the food, and saliva from the salivary glands moistens the food and begins chemical digestion. The tongue then physically moves the food to the pharynx, where peristalsis moves the food into the stomach.
  2. The teeth and jaw mechanically chew the food, and saliva from the salivary glands moistens the food and initiates mechanical and chemical digestion. The tongue then physically moves the food to the pharynx, where peristalsis moves the food into the stomach.
  3. The teeth and jaw mechanically chew the food, and saliva from the salivary glands moistens the food and begins chemical digestion. The tongue then physically moves the food to the larynx, where peristalsis moves the food into the stomach.
  4. The teeth and jaw mechanically chew the food, and saliva from the salivary glands moistens the food and initiates mechanical and chemical digestion. The tongue then physically moves the food to the pharynx, where segmentation moves the food into the stomach.
61 .
Most mammals have a monogastric digestive system, which means they have one stomach chamber. Ruminants and pseudo-ruminants consume a large amount of plant material and have polygastric digestive systems, which means they have more than one stomach chamber. Why is an increased number of stomach chambers beneficial for ruminants and pseudo-ruminants?
  1. Microbes in the chambers break down and ferment plant material.
  2. Extended exposure to stomach acid breaks down more cellulose.
  3. Increased amounts of peristalsis crush more of the plant fibers.
  4. Having more stomach chambers increases exposure for nutrients to be absorbed.
62 .

This figure shows the majority of the digestive tracts of two organisms that consume different food sources. a. Which digestive tract belongs to the herbivore? b. How did you determine this?

Top: human digestive system with labels (top to bottom) esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, cecum, large intestine, anus; bottom: rabbit digestive system with labels (top to bottom) esophagus, liver, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, cecum, colon, anus

  1. a. The digestive tract shown at the bottom belongs to the herbivore. b. Herbivores have a shorter intestinal tract, which allows stronger smooth muscle contractions called peristalsis in a shorter area, providing more opportunity for nutrients to be obtained and absorbed.
  2. a. The digestive tract shown at the top belongs to the herbivore. b. Herbivores have a longer intestinal tract, which provides more opportunity for nutrients to be obtained and absorbed, since plant material is difficult for animals to break down.
  3. a. The digestive tract shown at the bottom belongs to the herbivore. b. Herbivores have a longer intestinal tract, which provides more opportunity for the nutrients to react with the intestinal enzymes for better absorption, since plant material is difficult for animals to break down.
  4. a. The digestive tract shown at the bottom belongs to the herbivore. b. Herbivores have a shorter intestinal tract, which provides more opportunity for nutrients to be obtained and absorbed, since plant material is difficult for animals to break down.
63 .
The ruminant digestive system has evolved several differences from the traditional mammalian monogastric digestive system because they consume large amounts of plant material. Which of the following is NOT a component of the ruminant digestive system that has evolved to more efficiently digest plant fibers?
  1. omasum
  2. abomasum
  3. reticulum
  4. gizzard
64 .
(credit: modification of work by Feldhamer, George A./JHU Press)

This image shows the digestive systems of different animals.

Which animal is more likely to be a carnivore?

  1. Animal A.
  2. Animal B.
  3. Animal C.
  4. The diet of animals cannot be determined by their digestive systems.
65 .

This figure shows involuntary muscle movement in part of the digestive system. What stimulates this involuntary response?

“Illustration shows food moving down the esophagus, which is a muscular tube. Muscles constrict behind the food. The constriction moves down, pushing the food ahead of it, from the mouth to the stomach.

  1. smelling food
  2. seeing food
  3. chewing food
  4. swallowing food
66 .

This image shows the digestive system of a ruminant animal. How does this polygastric digestive system enhance digestion efficiency in ruminants?

Simple outline cross-section of goat showing digestive system with arrows showing paths of food through the four stomachs and into the intestines..

  1. Multiple stomach chambers in ruminant animals contain microbes that have cellulase, which breaks down plant material. Plant material is difficult to digest because animals lack cellulase to break down cellulose.
  2. Multiple stomach chambers in ruminant animals allow stronger smooth muscle contractions, which break down plant material. Plant material is difficult to digest because animals lack cellulase to break down cellulose.
  3. Multiple stomach chambers present in ruminant animals contain cellulase, which break down plant material. Plant material is difficult to digest because animals lack cellulase to break down cellulose.
  4. Multiple stomach chambers in ruminant animals allow the food to stay in the stomach for a longer time so that peristaltic movements and the action of enzymes on food particles occurs for a longer time.
67 .

A table showing that the average mouse respiration rate at 10 degrees Celsius is .0518 milliliters of oxygen consumed per gram of mass per minute, and at 25 degrees Celsius, the rate is .0321 milliliters of oxygen consumed per gram of mass per minute.

Which option is a claim that can be made based on this study?

  1. The mice at 10°C had a higher rate of ATP production than the mice at 25°C.
  2. The mice at 10°C had a lower metabolic rate than the mice at 25°C.
  3. The mice at 25°C weighed less than the mice at 10°C.
  4. The mice at 25°C were more active than the mice at 10°C.
68 .

The image shows the structure of an ATP molecule.

When an ATP molecule is broken down for energy, which bonds break?

  1. The O—H bonds.
  2. The P—O bonds.
  3. The N—H bonds.
  4. The —O— bond.
69 .
An omnivore comes across potatoes, avocados, kale, and eggs and craves only the eggs. In what nutrient is the animal likely deficient?
  1. carbohydrates
  2. protein
  3. fiber
  4. fatty acids
70 .
Carbohydrates often get a bad reputation for their role in promoting weight gain when consumed in excess. However, carbohydrates are necessary for biological functions. Why is it important to consume carbohydrates?
  1. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which provides energy as ATP through metabolic pathways. ATP helps to maintain connective tissue.
  2. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which is essential for blood clotting.
  3. Carbohydrates, along with proteins, help maintain connective tissue and are essential to blood clotting.
  4. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which provides energy as ATP through metabolic pathways. ATP is required for proper cellular function.
71 .
Excess ATP is combined with excess glucose and stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle. Under what circumstance would glycogen storage in skeletal muscle prove beneficial for a rabbit?
  1. A rabbit has not eaten recently and its blood sugar drops.
  2. There is an overabundance of food available to a rabbit.
  3. A rabbit spots a coyote and flees in response.
  4. A young rabbit with an adequate food source is developing into an adult rabbit.
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