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Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. The Chemistry of Life
    1. 1 The Study of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 1.1 The Science of Biology
      3. 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Review Questions
      7. Critical Thinking Questions
      8. Test Prep for AP® Courses
    2. 2 The Chemical Foundation of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
      3. 2.2 Water
      4. 2.3 Carbon
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 3 Biological Macromolecules
      1. Introduction
      2. 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
      3. 3.2 Carbohydrates
      4. 3.3 Lipids
      5. 3.4 Proteins
      6. 3.5 Nucleic Acids
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  3. The Cell
    1. 4 Cell Structure
      1. Introduction
      2. 4.1 Studying Cells
      3. 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
      4. 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
      5. 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
      6. 4.5 Cytoskeleton
      7. 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
      12. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      13. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 5 Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes
      1. Introduction
      2. 5.1 Components and Structure
      3. 5.2 Passive Transport
      4. 5.3 Active Transport
      5. 5.4 Bulk Transport
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 6 Metabolism
      1. Introduction
      2. 6.1 Energy and Metabolism
      3. 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
      4. 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics
      5. 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
      6. 6.5 Enzymes
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 7 Cellular Respiration
      1. Introduction
      2. 7.1 Energy in Living Systems
      3. 7.2 Glycolysis
      4. 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
      5. 7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation
      6. 7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen
      7. 7.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways
      8. 7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    5. 8 Photosynthesis
      1. Introduction
      2. 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
      3. 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
      4. 8.3 Using Light to Make Organic Molecules
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    6. 9 Cell Communication
      1. Introduction
      2. 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
      3. 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
      4. 9.3 Response to the Signal
      5. 9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    7. 10 Cell Reproduction
      1. Introduction
      2. 10.1 Cell Division
      3. 10.2 The Cell Cycle
      4. 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
      5. 10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
      6. 10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  4. Genetics
    1. 11 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
      1. Introduction
      2. 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
      3. 11.2 Sexual Reproduction
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Review Questions
      7. Critical Thinking Questions
      8. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      9. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 12 Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
      1. Introduction
      2. 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
      3. 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
      4. 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 13 Modern Understandings of Inheritance
      1. Introduction
      2. 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkages
      3. 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Review Questions
      7. Critical Thinking Questions
      8. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      9. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 14 DNA Structure and Function
      1. Introduction
      2. 14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
      3. 14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing
      4. 14.3 Basics of DNA Replication
      5. 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
      6. 14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
      7. 14.6 DNA Repair
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
      12. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      13. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    5. 15 Genes and Proteins
      1. Introduction
      2. 15.1 The Genetic Code
      3. 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
      4. 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
      5. 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
      6. 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    6. 16 Gene Regulation
      1. Introduction
      2. 16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression
      3. 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
      4. 16.3 Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation
      5. 16.4 Eukaryotic Transcriptional Gene Regulation
      6. 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
      7. 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
      8. 16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    7. 17 Biotechnology and Genomics
      1. Introduction
      2. 17.1 Biotechnology
      3. 17.2 Mapping Genomes
      4. 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
      5. 17.4 Applying Genomics
      6. 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  5. Evolutionary Processes
    1. 18 Evolution and Origin of Species
      1. Introduction
      2. 18.1 Understanding Evolution
      3. 18.2 Formation of New Species
      4. 18.3 Reconnection and Rates of Speciation
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 19 The Evolution of Populations
      1. Introduction
      2. 19.1 Population Evolution
      3. 19.2 Population Genetics
      4. 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 20 Phylogenies and the History of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
      3. 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
      4. 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  6. Biological Diversity
    1. 21 Viruses
      1. Introduction
      2. 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
      3. 21.2 Virus Infection and Hosts
      4. 21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
      5. 21.4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 22 Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
      1. Introduction
      2. 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
      3. 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes
      4. 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
      5. 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
      6. 22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  7. Plant Structure and Function
    1. 23 Plant Form and Physiology
      1. Introduction
      2. 23.1 The Plant Body
      3. 23.2 Stems
      4. 23.3 Roots
      5. 23.4 Leaves
      6. 23.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
      7. 23.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
      12. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      13. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  8. Animal Structure and Function
    1. 24 The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function
      1. Introduction
      2. 24.1 Animal Form and Function
      3. 24.2 Animal Primary Tissues
      4. 24.3 Homeostasis
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
    2. 25 Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System
      1. Introduction
      2. 25.1 Digestive Systems
      3. 25.2 Nutrition and Energy Production
      4. 25.3 Digestive System Processes
      5. 25.4 Digestive System Regulation
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 26 The Nervous System
      1. Introduction
      2. 26.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
      3. 26.2 How Neurons Communicate
      4. 26.3 The Central Nervous System
      5. 26.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
      6. 26.5 Nervous System Disorders
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 27 Sensory Systems
      1. Introduction
      2. 27.1 Sensory Processes
      3. 27.2 Somatosensation
      4. 27.3 Taste and Smell
      5. 27.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
      6. 27.5 Vision
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    5. 28 The Endocrine System
      1. Introduction
      2. 28.1 Types of Hormones
      3. 28.2 How Hormones Work
      4. 28.3 Regulation of Body Processes
      5. 28.4 Regulation of Hormone Production
      6. 28.5 Endocrine Glands
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    6. 29 The Musculoskeletal System
      1. Introduction
      2. 29.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
      3. 29.2 Bone
      4. 29.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
      5. 29.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    7. 30 The Respiratory System
      1. Introduction
      2. 30.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
      3. 30.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
      4. 30.3 Breathing
      5. 30.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    8. 31 The Circulatory System
      1. Introduction
      2. 31.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
      3. 31.2 Components of the Blood
      4. 31.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
      5. 31.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    9. 32 Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
      1. Introduction
      2. 32.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
      3. 32.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
      4. 32.3 Excretion Systems
      5. 32.4 Nitrogenous Wastes
      6. 32.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
    10. 33 The Immune System
      1. Introduction
      2. 33.1 Innate Immune Response
      3. 33.2 Adaptive Immune Response
      4. 33.3 Antibodies
      5. 33.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    11. 34 Animal Reproduction and Development
      1. Introduction
      2. 34.1 Reproduction Methods
      3. 34.2 Fertilization
      4. 34.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
      5. 34.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
      6. 34.5 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
      7. 34.6 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation
      8. 34.7 Human Pregnancy and Birth
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  9. Ecology
    1. 35 Ecology and the Biosphere
      1. Introduction
      2. 35.1 The Scope of Ecology
      3. 35.2 Biogeography
      4. 35.3 Terrestrial Biomes
      5. 35.4 Aquatic Biomes
      6. 35.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 36 Population and Community Ecology
      1. Introduction
      2. 36.1 Population Demography
      3. 36.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection
      4. 36.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
      5. 36.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
      6. 36.5 Human Population Growth
      7. 36.6 Community Ecology
      8. 36.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 37 Ecosystems
      1. Introduction
      2. 37.1 Ecology for Ecosystems
      3. 37.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
      4. 37.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 38 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
      1. Introduction
      2. 38.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
      3. 38.2 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
      4. 38.3 Threats to Biodiversity
      5. 38.4 Preserving Biodiversity
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
  10. A | The Periodic Table of Elements
  11. B | Geological Time
  12. C | Measurements and the Metric System
  13. Index
1.
When you eat an apple, it is first physically broken down into smaller fragments. What is the term for this process?
  1. elimination
  2. absorption
  3. mastication
  4. peristalsis
2.
Which of the following statements is true?
  1. The majority of water is reabsorbed by the small intestine.
  2. Elimination is a process that occurs via diffusion.
  3. Absorption is the process that chemically breaks down food.
  4. Nutrients diffuse across the epithelial cell lining of the small intestine to enter the bloodstream.
3.
Ruminants and pseudo-ruminants are both able to digest plant materials but have different mechanisms for doing so. Which of the following is a pseudo-ruminant?
  1. cow
  2. goat
  3. crow
  4. horse
4.
Which of the following statements about animal digestion is true?
  1. Roughage is digested very quickly.
  2. Birds eat large quantities at one time.
  3. Birds have a four-chambered stomach.
  4. In pseudo-ruminants, roughage is digested in the cecum.
5.
Chemical and mechanical digestion begins in the mouth, where food is prepared into a ______, which is then swallowed.
  1. bolus
  2. trachea
  3. peristalsis
  4. sphincter
6.
Which of the following statements about digestion is true?
  1. Pepsin is converted to pepsinogen with the help of hydrochloric acid.
  2. Starch digestion begins in the mouth.
  3. Wave-like muscle movements called peristalsis move food from the stomach to the mouth.
  4. Amino acids are absorbed through the intestinal lining of the ileum.
7.
Chyme is strongly acidic. What substance is secreted by the pancreas to neutralize chyme?
  1. hydrochloric acid
  2. bicarbonate
  3. bile
  4. amylase
8.
How do the liver's special cells assist in fat digestion?
  1. produce bicarbonate
  2. concentrate bile salts
  3. produce bile
  4. produce pepsin
9.
You eat food in order to obtain vital nutrients. How are these nutrients absorbed by your body?
  1. Food is mechanically and chemically broken down into smaller molecules.
  2. Alternating waves of muscular contraction facilitate movement of food.
  3. Partially digested food flows into the small intestine and food regurgitation is prevented.
  4. Nutrients diffuse across the intestines.
10.
Certain organs control the release of hormones that have vital roles in digestion. Which of the following controls hunger and satiety signals?
  1. thymus
  2. adrenal cortex
  3. thyroid
  4. hypothalamus
11.
One cup of which of the following is likely to have the most calories?
  1. spaghetti with tomato sauce
  2. deep-fried zucchini
  3. mixed fruit
  4. scrambled eggs
12.
Plant materials, such as fruits and vegetables, are difficult to digest because they are difficult to break down. How are humans able to obtain nutrients from fruits and vegetables?
  1. Humans produce cellulase, which breaks down cellulose.
  2. Intestinal flora have enzymes that break down some of the fiber.
  3. Bile is released from the gallbladder to break down fiber.
  4. In the stomach, pepsin is produced to break down plant material.
13.
Which statement is not an example of how fat is beneficial?
  1. Fat helps absorb lipid-soluble vitamins.
  2. Fat helps produce lipid-soluble hormones.
  3. Fat has low energy density.
  4. Fat makes you feel full faster.
14.
Certain molecules are required by but not produced by the body. Fat- and water-soluble _______ are organic molecules that cannot be produced by the body but are required for many enzymatic functions.
  1. minerals
  2. vitamins
  3. amino acids
  4. sugars
15.
What is the result of insufficient amounts of the mineral iodine in the body?
  1. muscle weakness
  2. poor immune function
  3. mood disturbances
  4. goiters
16.
Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the source of energy for cells. ATP stores energy in _______ bonds.
  1. carbohydrate
  2. glycolysis
  3. glycogen
  4. phosphodiester
17.
Which of the following statements about glycogen is true?
  1. When an individual is sedentary, glycogen is converted to glucose.
  2. The liver releases glycogen when blood sugar drops.
  3. ATP is produced by excess glycogen and glucose.
  4. During glycolysis, glycogen is converted to pyruvic acid.
18.
What is produced from excess ATP and glucose?
  1. glycogen
  2. pyruvate
  3. peptides
  4. essential nutrients
19.
The figure shows a table with nutritional values of different types of meat, milk, and eggs. The type of food items are listed in the first column, the carbohydrate content in the second, protein in the third, fat in the fourth, ash in the fifth, and water in the sixth. Note below the table states: Ash contains the minerals. In the first row is the snail meat containing 2.93 g carbohydrates, 20.7 g protein, 1.21 g fat, 1.49 g ash, 73.7 g water. The next group relates to beef, pork, and lamb (the values will be given respectively in this order). Carbohydrate content undetermined for all three, 17.5 g, 11.9 g, 15.7 g of protein; 22 g, 45 g, 27.7 g of fat; 0.9 g, 0.6 g, 0.8 g ash; and 60 g, 42 g, 56 g of water. The third group is poultry meat: chicken, duck, turkey, dried fish. Carbohydrates are undetermined for all four, 20.2 g, 16.2 g, 20.2 g, 60.2 g of protein; 12.6 g, 30 g, 20.2 g, 21 g of fat; 1 g of ash for each meat and 15 g for dried fish; and 81.8 g, 68.6 g, 79.3 g, 4 g of water. Fourth are milks: whole cow milk and goat milk. Their content respectively is 5 g, 4.5 g of carbohydrates; 3.5 g, 3.8 g of protein; 3.8 g, 4.8 g fat; 0.7 g, 0.8 g ash; and 87.3 g, 86.4 g water. The last set of data is related to eggs, small amount of egg white, and small amount of egg yolk, in that order. They contain respectively 10.5 g, 15.5 g of carbohydrates; small amount of protein, 33.5 g in yolk; 1 g each in both of fat; and 88 g, 49.5 g of ash. There is no data on water. (credit: modification of work by Acham, Israel Okpunyi et al./Asian Food Science Journal)
Figure 25.23

The table shows the nutritional value of various meats and other food items.

Eating 100 g of which type of food would give the most proteins?

  1. turkey
  2. dried fish
  3. cow milk
  4. goat milk
20.
Different macromolecules have varying amounts of energy density. Which of the following is the least energy dense?
  1. protein
  2. fat
  3. fiber
  4. carbohydrates
21.
Which of the following does not play a role in masticating food?
  1. teeth
  2. pharynx
  3. saliva
  4. tongue
22.
Which of the following statements about the process of digestion is true?
  1. Organisms absorb large molecules through digestive cells.
  2. The last step of digestion is absorption.
  3. Food is only mechanically broken down in the mouth.
  4. Food is prepared into a bolus before it is swallowed.
23.
Which of the following enzymes is involved in carbohydrate digestion?
  1. pancreatic amylase
  2. elastase
  3. trypsin
  4. pepsin
24.
In protein digestion, what happens in the stomach?
  1. Aminopeptidase and dipeptidase break peptides into amino acids.
  2. Pepsin breaks proteins into peptides.
  3. Trypsin, elastase, and chymotrypsin break proteins into peptides.
  4. Carboxypeptidase breaks peptides into amino acids and peptides.
25.
Water reabsorption is an essential component of processing food. Where is the majority of water reabsorbed?
  1. small intestine
  2. rectum
  3. colon
  4. anus
26.
If you come down with the flu, you might experience emesis. What causes emesis?
  1. stomach muscle contractions
  2. neural signals that urge elimination
  3. inadequate water reabsorption
  4. excess water reabsorption
27.
Not all organs involved in processing food are involved in digestion. Which of the following organs is not involved in digestion?
  1. mouth
  2. anus
  3. stomach
  4. small intestine
28.
Which of the following statements about digestion of food in the large intestines is true?
  1. Mechanical digestion occurs by bacteria.
  2. Semi-solid waste is moved by wave-like muscle contractions.
  3. Most nutrients are absorbed.
  4. Peristaltic mixing occurs.
29.
Taking in food, or ____, is the first step of gaining nutrients from food.
  1. digestion
  2. ingestion
  3. elimination
  4. absorption
30.
What is the correct order of processes by which nutrients, energy, and waste from food are handled by organisms?
  1. digestion → ingestion → absorption → elimination
  2. ingestion → absorption → digestion → elimination
  3. ingestion → digestion → absorption → elimination
  4. ingestion → digestion → elimination → absorption
31.
Gastric control has three phases that assist in digesting food. Which phase is initiated by chyme?
  1. intestinal
  2. gastric
  3. cephalic
  4. digestive
32.
Which of the following occurs during the cephalic phase of gastric control?
  1. Salivation is triggered.
  2. Food is processed by gastric acids and enzymes.
  3. Gastrin is produced.
  4. Digestive secretions are released.
33.
Hormones play an important role in the digestion process of food. Which hormone controls the release of bile from the gallbladder?
  1. pepsin
  2. gastrin
  3. amylase
  4. cholecystokinin
34.
What is the role of gastrin in food digestion and absorption?
  1. Gastrin stimulates release of stomach acid.
  2. Gastrin stimulates production of bicarbonate.
  3. Gastrin stimulates pancreatic juice production.
  4. Gastrin stops the release of stomach acid.
35.
The gastric phase assists in processing ingested materials. When does the gastric phase begin?
  1. when food is smelled
  2. when food reaches the stomach
  3. when chyme enters the small intestine
  4. when food is ingested
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