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Test Prep for AP® Courses

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42 .

The table shows the Baltimore Classification used to classify viruses into seven groups based on their genetic material. Evaluate the information within the context of what you know about viruses to answer the following: What is the difference between how Group I and Group III viruses reproduce?

Table with two columns and nine rows. Top header row reads: Baltimore classification. Second row, left header reads: Group. Second row, right header reads: Characteristics. Third row, left cell reads: I. Third row, right cell reads: Double-stranded DNA. Fourth row, left cell reads: II. Fourth row, right cell reads: Single-stranded DNA. Fifth row, left cell reads: III. Fifth row, right cell reads: Double-stranded RNA. Sixth row, left cell reads: IV. Sixth row, right cell reads: Single-stranded RNA (+). Seventh row, left cell reads: V. Seventh row, right cell reads: Single-stranded RNA (–). Eighth row, left cell reads: VI. Eighth row, right cell reads: Single-stranded RNA with reverse transcriptase. Ninth row, left cell reads: VII. Ninth row, right cell reads: Double-stranded DNA with reverse transcriptase.

  1. In Group I viruses, RNA is transcribed from an RNA genome, while in Group III viruses, RNA is transcribed from a DNA genome.
  2. In Group I, RNA is transcribed from a DNA genome while in Group III, RNA is transcribed from an RNA genome.
  3. In Group I viruses, DNA is transcribed from a DNA genome, while in Group III viruses, RNA is transcribed from an RNA genome.
  4. In Group I viruses, DNA is transcribed from an RNA genome, while in Group III viruses, RNA is transcribed from a DNA genome.
43 .

The table shows the Baltimore Classification used to classify viruses into seven groups based on their genetic material. Evaluate the similarities or differences between the genome of Group I and Group VI, and in how the two virus types reproduce.

Table with two columns and nine rows. Top header row reads: Baltimore classification. Second row, left header reads: Group. Second row, right header reads: Characteristics. Third row, left cell reads: I. Third row, right cell reads: Double-stranded DNA. Fourth row, left cell reads: II. Fourth row, right cell reads: Single-stranded DNA. Fifth row, left cell reads: III. Fifth row, right cell reads: Double-stranded RNA. Sixth row, left cell reads: IV. Sixth row, right cell reads: Single-stranded RNA (+). Seventh row, left cell reads: V. Seventh row, right cell reads: Single-stranded RNA (–). Eighth row, left cell reads: VI. Eighth row, right cell reads: Single-stranded RNA with reverse transcriptase. Ninth row, left cell reads: VII. Ninth row, right cell reads: Double-stranded DNA with reverse transcriptase.

  1. Groups I and VI viruses use RNA as their genome. Group I viruses reproduce by transcribing RNA from their DNA genome, while Group VI viruses first synthesize their RNA genome using reverse transcriptase before they can reproduce.
  2. Groups I and VI viruses use DNA as their genome. Group I viruses reproduce by transcribing RNA from their DNA genome while Group VI viruses first synthesize their DNA genome using reverse transcriptase before they can reproduce.
  3. Groups I and VI viruses use DNA as their genome. Group I viruses reproduce by transcribing RNA from their DNA genome, while Group VI viruses first synthesize RNA genome using reverse transcriptase before they can reproduce.
  4. Group I viruses use DNA as their genome while Group VI viruses use RNA. Group I viruses reproduce by transcribing RNA from their DNA genome while Group VI viruses synthesize DNA from RNA using reverse transcriptase before they can reproduce.
44 .

The diagram below shows the stages during which a virus infects a host cell, identified by number. During which of the steps does the amount of viral genetic material begin to change within the host cell? Justify your answer with an explanation.

This illustration shows an influenza virus attaching to an epithelial cell. At step 1, the virus enters the cell. At step 2, viral RNA enters the nucleus. At step 3, new viruses are assembled within the cell. At step 4, new viruses leave the host cell.

  1. 1, because the virus enters the cell.
  2. 2, because the virus RNA enters the nucleus.
  3. 3, because new viruses assemble within the cell.
  4. 4, because viruses leave the cell.
45 .
(credit: modification of work by Anna-Barbara Moscicki, et al./ScienceDirect)

This illustration shows the incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and precancerous growths and cancer in different age groups.

What is a conclusion we can reach based on this illustration?

  1. High rates of HPV infection lead to high rates of precancerous growths.
  2. High rates of HPV infection lead to high rates of cancer.
  3. HPV incidence is not related to cancer incidences.
  4. HPV incidence is not related to precancerous growth incidences.
46 .

The diagrams below model the lytic and lysogenic reproductive cycles of viruses. Evaluate differences between the cycles to answer the following: Which cycle would maintain the DNA of the virus over several generations, and why is that the case?

This illustration compares the lytic and lysogenic cycles. In the lytic cycle, a bacteriophage infects a host bacterial cell. The phage DNA and the host DNA remain separate. The phage DNA replicates and new phage particles are assembled until the cell lyses, releasing new phage. In the lysogenic cycle, a bacteriophage infects a host cell. The phage DNA becomes incorporated into the host genome, and the cell divides. Sometimes, the phage DNA is excised from the host DNA and may enter the lytic cycle. Which cycle would maintain the DNA of the virus over several generations, and why?

  1. Lysogenic, because the viral DNA can be excised from the host cell’s DNA when under stress.
  2. Lytic, because the viral DNA can be excised from the host cell’s DNA when under stress.
  3. Lytic, because the viral DNA can be passed on when the host cell replicates.
  4. Lysogenic, because the viral DNA can be passed on when the host cell replicates.
47 .

The diagrams below model the lytic and lysogenic reproductive cycles of viruses. Based on the diagram, evaluate whether the following statement is true or false, and provide reasoning to support your answer: “The lysogenic cycle allows viruses to preserve their genome during unfavorable conditions.”

This illustration compares the lytic and lysogenic cycles. In the lytic cycle, a bacteriophage infects a host bacterial cell. The phage DNA and the host DNA remain separate. The phage DNA replicates and new phage particles are assembled until the cell lyses, releasing new phage. In the lysogenic cycle, a bacteriophage infects a host cell. The phage DNA becomes incorporated into the host genome, and the cell divides. Sometimes, the phage DNA is excised from the host DNA and may enter the lytic cycle.

  1. True, because when the host cell experiences unfavorable conditions, it stops dividing and remains in the same state.
  2. True, because the host cell in both the replication stage and during unfavorable conditions stays in the lysogenic cycle as it is more suitable the lytic cycle.
  3. False, because when the host cell experiences unfavorable conditions, the prophage exits the genome and enters the lytic cycle.
  4. False, because when the host cell experiences unfavorable conditions, the virus enters a latency period.
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