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Biology for AP® Courses

Test Prep for AP® Courses

Biology for AP® CoursesTest Prep for AP® Courses
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Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. The Chemistry of Life
    1. 1 The Study of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 1.1 The Science of Biology
      3. 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Review Questions
      7. Critical Thinking Questions
      8. Test Prep for AP® Courses
    2. 2 The Chemical Foundation of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
      3. 2.2 Water
      4. 2.3 Carbon
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 3 Biological Macromolecules
      1. Introduction
      2. 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
      3. 3.2 Carbohydrates
      4. 3.3 Lipids
      5. 3.4 Proteins
      6. 3.5 Nucleic Acids
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  3. The Cell
    1. 4 Cell Structure
      1. Introduction
      2. 4.1 Studying Cells
      3. 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
      4. 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
      5. 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
      6. 4.5 Cytoskeleton
      7. 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
      12. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      13. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 5 Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes
      1. Introduction
      2. 5.1 Components and Structure
      3. 5.2 Passive Transport
      4. 5.3 Active Transport
      5. 5.4 Bulk Transport
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 6 Metabolism
      1. Introduction
      2. 6.1 Energy and Metabolism
      3. 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
      4. 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics
      5. 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
      6. 6.5 Enzymes
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 7 Cellular Respiration
      1. Introduction
      2. 7.1 Energy in Living Systems
      3. 7.2 Glycolysis
      4. 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
      5. 7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation
      6. 7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen
      7. 7.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways
      8. 7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    5. 8 Photosynthesis
      1. Introduction
      2. 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
      3. 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
      4. 8.3 Using Light to Make Organic Molecules
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    6. 9 Cell Communication
      1. Introduction
      2. 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
      3. 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
      4. 9.3 Response to the Signal
      5. 9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    7. 10 Cell Reproduction
      1. Introduction
      2. 10.1 Cell Division
      3. 10.2 The Cell Cycle
      4. 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
      5. 10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
      6. 10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  4. Genetics
    1. 11 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
      1. Introduction
      2. 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
      3. 11.2 Sexual Reproduction
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Review Questions
      7. Critical Thinking Questions
      8. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      9. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 12 Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
      1. Introduction
      2. 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
      3. 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
      4. 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 13 Modern Understandings of Inheritance
      1. Introduction
      2. 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkages
      3. 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Review Questions
      7. Critical Thinking Questions
      8. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      9. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 14 DNA Structure and Function
      1. Introduction
      2. 14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
      3. 14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing
      4. 14.3 Basics of DNA Replication
      5. 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
      6. 14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
      7. 14.6 DNA Repair
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
      12. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      13. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    5. 15 Genes and Proteins
      1. Introduction
      2. 15.1 The Genetic Code
      3. 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
      4. 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
      5. 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
      6. 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    6. 16 Gene Regulation
      1. Introduction
      2. 16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression
      3. 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
      4. 16.3 Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation
      5. 16.4 Eukaryotic Transcriptional Gene Regulation
      6. 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
      7. 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
      8. 16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    7. 17 Biotechnology and Genomics
      1. Introduction
      2. 17.1 Biotechnology
      3. 17.2 Mapping Genomes
      4. 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
      5. 17.4 Applying Genomics
      6. 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  5. Evolutionary Processes
    1. 18 Evolution and Origin of Species
      1. Introduction
      2. 18.1 Understanding Evolution
      3. 18.2 Formation of New Species
      4. 18.3 Reconnection and Rates of Speciation
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 19 The Evolution of Populations
      1. Introduction
      2. 19.1 Population Evolution
      3. 19.2 Population Genetics
      4. 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 20 Phylogenies and the History of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
      3. 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
      4. 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  6. Biological Diversity
    1. 21 Viruses
      1. Introduction
      2. 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
      3. 21.2 Virus Infection and Hosts
      4. 21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
      5. 21.4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 22 Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
      1. Introduction
      2. 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
      3. 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes
      4. 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
      5. 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
      6. 22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  7. Plant Structure and Function
    1. 23 Plant Form and Physiology
      1. Introduction
      2. 23.1 The Plant Body
      3. 23.2 Stems
      4. 23.3 Roots
      5. 23.4 Leaves
      6. 23.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
      7. 23.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
      12. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      13. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  8. Animal Structure and Function
    1. 24 The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function
      1. Introduction
      2. 24.1 Animal Form and Function
      3. 24.2 Animal Primary Tissues
      4. 24.3 Homeostasis
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
    2. 25 Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System
      1. Introduction
      2. 25.1 Digestive Systems
      3. 25.2 Nutrition and Energy Production
      4. 25.3 Digestive System Processes
      5. 25.4 Digestive System Regulation
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 26 The Nervous System
      1. Introduction
      2. 26.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
      3. 26.2 How Neurons Communicate
      4. 26.3 The Central Nervous System
      5. 26.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
      6. 26.5 Nervous System Disorders
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 27 Sensory Systems
      1. Introduction
      2. 27.1 Sensory Processes
      3. 27.2 Somatosensation
      4. 27.3 Taste and Smell
      5. 27.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
      6. 27.5 Vision
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    5. 28 The Endocrine System
      1. Introduction
      2. 28.1 Types of Hormones
      3. 28.2 How Hormones Work
      4. 28.3 Regulation of Body Processes
      5. 28.4 Regulation of Hormone Production
      6. 28.5 Endocrine Glands
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    6. 29 The Musculoskeletal System
      1. Introduction
      2. 29.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
      3. 29.2 Bone
      4. 29.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
      5. 29.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    7. 30 The Respiratory System
      1. Introduction
      2. 30.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
      3. 30.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
      4. 30.3 Breathing
      5. 30.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    8. 31 The Circulatory System
      1. Introduction
      2. 31.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
      3. 31.2 Components of the Blood
      4. 31.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
      5. 31.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    9. 32 Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
      1. Introduction
      2. 32.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
      3. 32.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
      4. 32.3 Excretion Systems
      5. 32.4 Nitrogenous Wastes
      6. 32.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
    10. 33 The Immune System
      1. Introduction
      2. 33.1 Innate Immune Response
      3. 33.2 Adaptive Immune Response
      4. 33.3 Antibodies
      5. 33.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    11. 34 Animal Reproduction and Development
      1. Introduction
      2. 34.1 Reproduction Methods
      3. 34.2 Fertilization
      4. 34.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
      5. 34.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
      6. 34.5 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
      7. 34.6 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation
      8. 34.7 Human Pregnancy and Birth
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  9. Ecology
    1. 35 Ecology and the Biosphere
      1. Introduction
      2. 35.1 The Scope of Ecology
      3. 35.2 Biogeography
      4. 35.3 Terrestrial Biomes
      5. 35.4 Aquatic Biomes
      6. 35.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 36 Population and Community Ecology
      1. Introduction
      2. 36.1 Population Demography
      3. 36.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection
      4. 36.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
      5. 36.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
      6. 36.5 Human Population Growth
      7. 36.6 Community Ecology
      8. 36.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 37 Ecosystems
      1. Introduction
      2. 37.1 Ecology for Ecosystems
      3. 37.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
      4. 37.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 38 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
      1. Introduction
      2. 38.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
      3. 38.2 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
      4. 38.3 Threats to Biodiversity
      5. 38.4 Preserving Biodiversity
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
  10. A | The Periodic Table of Elements
  11. B | Geological Time
  12. C | Measurements and the Metric System
  13. Index
41 .
Which of the following is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
  1. 3’ poly-A tails
  2. 5’ caps
  3. promoters
  4. introns
42 .
The enzyme ployadenylate polymerase catalyzes the addition of adenosine monophosphate to the 3’ ends of mRNAs to form a poly-A tail. If the enzyme were blocked so that it could not function, the result would be:
  1. increased mRNA stability in eukaryotes, and decreased mRNA stability in prokaryotes
  2. decreased mRNA stability in eukaryotes, and no effect in prokaryotes
  3. no effect in eukaryotes, and increased mRNA stability in prokaryotes
  4. no effect in eukaryotes, and decreased mRNA stability in prokaryotes
43 .
Describe two ways in which gene regulation differs and two ways in which it is similar in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
  1. Prokaryotes show co-transcriptional translation whereas eukaryotes perform transcription prior to translation; in both cell types, regulation occurs through the binding of transcription factors, activators, and repressors.
  2. Prokaryotes perform transcription prior to translation whereas eukaryotes show co-transcriptional translation (the processes occur in the same organelle).
  3. Prokaryotes show co-transcriptional translation that is regulated prior to translation whereas eukaryotes perform transcription prior to translation that is regulated only at the level of transcription. In both domains, transcription factors, activators, and repressors provide regulation.
  4. Prokaryotes show co-transcriptional translation that occurs in the nucleus whereas eukaryotes show transcription prior to translation. In both cell types, regulation occurs using transcription factors, activators, and repressors.
44 .
Lactose digestion in E. coli begins with its hydrolysis by the enzyme β -galactosidase. The gene encoding β -galactosidase, lacZ, is part of a coordinately regulated operon containing other genes required for lactose utilization. Which of the following figures correctly depicts the interactions at the lac operon when lactose is not being utilized?
  1. A short rectangular piece is divided into five segments with the left-hand two segments being longer than the three segments to their right. From left to right, the segments are labeled promoter, operator, and italicized lac Z, lac Y, and lac A. An oval labeled R N A polymerase is attached to the bottom of the promoter and has an arrow pointing to the right. A rectangular repressor has a small circle labeled lactose attached.
  2. A short rectangular piece is divided into five segments with the left-hand two segments being longer than the three segments to their right. From left to right, the segments are labeled promoter, operator, and italicized lac Z, lac Y, and lac A. A rectangular repressor is bound to the bottom of the operator and has a small circle labeled lactose attached.
  3. A short rectangular piece is divided into five segments with the left-hand two segments being longer than the three segments to their right. From left to right, the segments are labeled promoter, operator, and italicized lac Z, lac Y, and lac A. An oval labeled R N A polymerase is attached to the bottom of the operator and has an arrow pointing to the right.
  4. A short rectangular piece is divided into five segments with the left-hand two segments being longer than the three segments to their right. From left to right, the segments are labeled promoter, operator, and italicized lac Z, lac Y, and lac A. A rectangular repressor is attached to the bottom of the operator and has a circular cutout on its bottom center.
45 .
What would be the result of a mutation in the repressor protein that prevented it from binding lactose?
  1. The repressor will bind to lactose when it is removed from the operator.
  2. The repressor will bind the operator in the presence of lactose.
  3. The repressor will not bind the operator in the presence of lactose.
  4. The repressor will not bind the operator in the absence of lactose.
46 .
What type of modification might be observed in the GR gene in all newborn rats?
  1. The DNA will have many methyl molecules.
  2. The DNA will have many acetyl molecules.
  3. The DNA will have few methyl groups.
  4. The histones will have many acetyl groups.
47 .
What type of modification will be observed in the GR gene in the highly nurtured rats?
  1. The DNA will have many methyl molecules.
  2. The DNA will have many acetyl molecules.
  3. The DNA will have few methyl groups.
  4. The histones will have few acetyl groups.
48 .

The figure shows a normal gene with segments 1 through 4, a 5' UTR, and a 3'UTR. This gene has ++ expression. Below, deletion 1 is in the 5' UTR. This mutant has +++ expression. Below that, deletion 2 is in the very 5' end of the 5' UTR. This mutant has ++ expression. Below that, deletion 3 is in segment 2. This mutant has + expression. Below that, deletion 4 is in the 3' UTR. This mutant has ++ expression

The level of transcription of a gene is tested by creating deletions in the gene as shown in the illustration. These modified genes are tested for their level of transcription: (++) normal transcription levels; (+) low transcription levels; (+++) high transcription levels. Which deletion is in an enhancer involved in regulating the gene?

  1. deletion 1
  2. deletion 2
  3. deletion 3
  4. deletion 4
49 .

Five horizontal lines represent pieces of D N A with a normal gene and four genes with deletions. Each line has a thicker region with pieces labeled 1 through 4. Pieces 1 and 3 are very short and pieces 2 and 4 are approximately four times as long. The top horizontal line is labeled normal gene and has two plus symbols to the right. The second line is labeled deletion 1, has an “X” symbol just to the left of piece 1, and has three plus symbols to the right. The third line is labeled deletion 2, has an “X” symbol near its left end, and has two plus symbols. The fourth line is labeled deletion 3, has an “X” symbol over piece 2, and has a single plus symbol to the right. The fifth line is labeled deletion 4, has an “X” symbol to the right of piece 4, and has two plus symbols to the right.

The level of transcription of a gene is tested by creating deletions in the gene as shown in the illustration. These modified genes are tested for their level of transcription: (++) normal transcription levels; (+) low transcription levels; (+++) high transcription levels. Which deletion is in a repressor involved in regulating the gene?

  1. deletion 1
  2. deletion 2
  3. deletion 3
  4. deletion 4
50 .

Figure showing pre-mRNA containing sections 1 through 5, mature mRNA containing sections 1, 2, 4, and 5, and protein containing sections 2 and 4

The diagram provided shows different regions (1-5) of a pre-mRNA molecule, a mature-mRNA molecule, and the protein corresponding to the mRNA. A mutation in which region is most likely to be damaging to the cell?

  1. 1
  2. 2
  3. 3
  4. 5
51 .

Figure showing pre-mRNA containing sections 1 through 5, mature mRNA containing sections 1, 2, 4, and 5, and protein containing sections 2 and 4

What do regions 1 and 5 correspond to?

  1. exons
  2. introns
  3. promoters
  4. untranslated regions
52 .

Figure showing pre-mRNA containing a 5'UTR, segments 1 through 5, and a 3'UTR. Below, mature mRNA showing a 5' cap, 5'UTR, segments 1, 3, and 5, a 3'UTR, and a poly-A tail. Third, a mutated mature mRNA showing a 5' cap, a 5'UTR, segments 1 and 5, a 3'UTR, and a poly-A tail.

What are regions 1 through 5 in the diagram?

  1. 1, 3, and 5 are exons; 2 and 4 are introns.
  2. 2 and 4 are exons; 1,3, and 5 are introns.
  3. 1 and 5 are exons; 2, 3, and 4 are introns.
  4. 2, 3, and 4 are exons; 1 and 5 are introns.
53 .
(credit: modification of work by Mizoguchi B, Valenzuela N./PeerJ)

A research study showed a gene was alternatively spliced in two ways during embryonic development of the turtle based on environmental temperature. The image shows the two transcript variants.

What kind of alternative splicing is in this example?

  1. Exon skipping.
  2. Mutually exclusive exons.
  3. Alternative donor sites.
  4. Intron retention.
54 .

Diagram showing arrows from UV light to skin exposure to damage to DNA to p53 activated to p21 activated to apoptosis to skin peels.


The diagram illustrates the role of p53 in response to UV exposure. What would be the result of a mutation in the p53 gene that inactivates it?

  1. Skin will peel in response to UV exposure.
  2. Apoptosis will occur in response to UV exposure.
  3. No DNA damage will occur in response to UV exposure.
  4. No peeling of skin will occur in response to UV exposure.
55 .
Which of the following will not occur in response to UV exposure if a p53 mutation inactivates the p53 protein?
  1. Damage to DNA
  2. p53 activation
  3. p21 activation
  4. Apoptosis
  1. 1, 2, and 3
  2. 3 and 4
  3. 3
  4. 2, 3, and 4
56 .

Operon showing in a line: promoter, operator, trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB, and trpA

What happens when tryptophan is present?

  1. The repressor binds to the operator, and RNA synthesis is blocked.
  2. RNA polymerase binds to the operator, and RNA synthesis is blocked.
  3. Tryptophan binds to the repressor, and RNA synthesis proceeds.
  4. Tryptophan binds to RNA polymerase, and RNA synthesis proceeds.
57 .

Operon showing in a line: promoter, operator, trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB, and trpA

What happens in the absence of tryptophan?

  1. RNA polymerase binds to the repressor
  2. the repressor binds to the promoter
  3. the repressor dissociates from the operator
  4. RNA polymerase dissociates from the promoter
58 .

The figure shows Low Fixed Nitrogen with an arrow pointing to the right to a box containing Increased free calcium and -oxglutarate. Another arrow points to the right to a box containing NtcA, HetR. From this box, an arrow points to heterocyst development and PatS. PatS points to Inhibit additional heterocyst development.

Anabaena is a simple multicellular photosynthetic cyanobacterium. In the absence of fixed nitrogen, certain newly developing cells along a filament express genes that code for nitrogen-fixing enzymes and become non-photosynthetic heterocysts. The specialization is advantageous because some nitrogen-fixing enzymes function best in the absence of oxygen. Heterocysts do not carry out photosynthesis but instead provides adjacent cells with fixed nitrogen and receives fixed carbon and reduced energy carriers in return. As shown in the diagram above, when there is low fixed nitrogen in the environment, an increase in the concentration of free calcium ions and 2-oxyglutarate stimulates the expression of genes that produce two transcription factors (NtcA and HetR) that promote the expression of genes responsible for heterocyst development. HetR also causes production of a signal, PatS, that prevents adjacent cells from developing as heterocysts. Based on your understanding of the ways in which signal transmission mediates cell function, which of the following predictions is most consistent with the information given above?

  1. In an environment with low fixed nitrogen, treating the Anabaena cells with a calcium-binding compound should prevent heterocyst differentiation.
  2. A strain that overexpresses the patS gene should develop many more heterocysts in a low nitrogen environment.
  3. In an environment with abundant fixed nitrogen, free calcium levels should be high in all cells, preventing heterocysts from developing.
  4. In environments with abundant fixed nitrogen, loss of the hetR gene should induce heterocyst development.
59 .

The figure shows Low Fixed Nitrogen with an arrow pointing to the right to a box containing Increased free calcium and -oxglutarate. Another arrow points to the right to a box containing NtcA, HetR. From this box, an arrow points to heterocyst development and PatS. PatS points to Inhibit additional heterocyst development

Which of the following statements about Anabaena is false?

  1. Decreasing the concentration of free calcium ions will prevent heterocyst development.
  2. In the presence of fixed nitrogen, NtcA will not be expressed.
  3. Low fixed nitrogen levels result in increased PatS levels.
  4. A mutation in HetR that makes it nonfunctional will also allow adjacent cells to develop as heterocysts.
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