What would Chase and Hershey have concluded if the supernatant contained radioactive labeled-phosphorus?
DNA was the primary source of heritable information.
RNA was the primary source of heritable information.
Protein was the primary source of heritable information.
Phages were the primary source of heritable information.
55.
Which piece of evidence supports that the material Miescher discovered in white blood cells was DNA? What did he name the material and why?
The precipitate contained sulfur. He called the material globulin because it formed clumps.
The precipitate contained oxygen. He called the material hemease because it was found in the blood.
The precipitate contained phosphorus. He called the material nuclein because it was found in the nucleus.
The precipitate contained protein. He called the material animolicule because it was universal to all animals tested.
56.
Explain how forensic scientists are able to use DNA analysis to identify individuals.
Comparison of DNA from a known source or individual with analysis of the sequence of an unknown sample of DNA allows scientists to find out if both of them are similar or not.
DNA from the unknown sample is sequenced and analyzed. The result of the analysis is then matched with any random population. The matching individual then helps in forensics.
Comparison of DNA from a known source or individual with analysis of the sequence of bases in strands of an unknown sample of RNA allows scientists to find out if both of them are similar or not.
Comparison of DNA from a known source or individual with analysis of the sugars and phosphates in strands of an unknown sample of DNA allows scientists to find out if both of them are similar or not.
57.
Discuss the contributions of Francis Crick, James Watson, and Rosalind Franklin to the discovery of the structure of DNA.
Rosalind Franklin used X-ray diffraction methods to demonstrate the helical nature of DNA, while Watson and Crick formulated the double stranded structural model of DNA.
Rosalind Franklin, Watson and Crick first employed the technique of X-ray diffraction to understand the storage of DNA. Since it did not work out, Watson and Crick then ran experiments to ascertain the DNA structure.
Rosalind Franklin, Watson and Crick used X-ray diffraction methods to demonstrate the helical nature of DNA, while Rosalind Franklin formulated the double stranded structural model of DNA.
Watson and Crick used X-ray diffraction methods to demonstrate the helical nature of DNA, while Rosalind Franklin formulated the double stranded structural model of DNA.
58.
(credit: modification of work by Emily Burke, PhD/BioTech Primer)
The image shows DNA strands.
Which statements describe the dark spheres?
The dark spheres are nucleosomes. In middle of them, you would find proteins called purines.
The dark spheres are chromatins. In middle of them, you would find proteins called histones.
The dark spheres are nucleosomes. In middle of them, you would find proteins called histones.
The dark spheres are chromatins. In middle of them, you would find proteins called purines.
59.
Which of the following would be a good application of plasmid transformation?
to make copies of DNA
to isolate a change in a single nucleotide
to separate DNA fragments
to sequence DNA
60.
Explain how the components of DNA fit together.
DNA is composed of nucleotides, consisting of a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. DNA is a double helical structure in which complementary base pairing occurs. Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. Adenine and thymine form two hydrogen bonds and cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds. The two individual strands of DNA are held together by covalent bonds between the phosphate of one nucleotide and sugar of the next. The two strands run antiparallel to each other.
DNA is composed of nucleotides, consisting of a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. DNA is a double helical structure in which complementary base pairing occurs. Adenine pairs with cytosine and guanine pairs with thymine. Adenine and cytosine form two hydrogen bonds and guanine and thymine form three hydrogen bonds. The two individual strands of DNA are held together by covalent bonds between the phosphate of one nucleotide and sugar of the next. The two strands run antiparallel to each other.
DNA is composed of nucleotides, consisting of a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. DNA is a double helical structure in which complementary base pairing occurs. Adenine pairs with cytosine and guanine pairs with thymine. Adenine and cytosine form three hydrogen bonds and guanine and thymine form two hydrogen bonds. The two individual strands of DNA are held together by covalent bonds between the phosphate of one nucleotide and sugar of the next. The two strands run antiparallel to each other.
DNA is composed of nucleotides, consisting of a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. DNA is a double helical structure in which complementary base pairing occurs. Adenine pairs with cytosine and guanine pairs with thymine. Adenine and cytosine form three hydrogen bonds and guanine and thymine form two hydrogen bonds. The two individual strands of DNA are held together by covalent bonds between the phosphate of one nucleotide and sugar of the next. The two strands run parallel to each other.
61.
Describe the Sanger DNA sequencing method used for the human genome sequencing project.
A DNA sample is denatured by heating and then put into four tubes. A primer, DNA polymerase and all four nucleotides are added. Limited quantities of one of the four dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) are added to each tube respectively. Each one of them carries a specific fluorescent label. Chain elongation continues until a fluorescent ddNTP is added to the growing chain, after which chain termination occurs. Gel electrophoresis is performed and the length of each base is detected by laser scanners with wavelengths specific to the four different ddNTPS’s.
A DNA sample is denatured by heating and then put into four tubes. A primer, RNA polymerase and all four nucleotides are added. Limited quantities of one of the four dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) are added to each tube respectively. Each one of them carries a specific fluorescent label. Chain elongation continues until a fluorescent ddNTP is added to the growing chain, after which chain termination occurs. Gel electrophoresis is performed and the length of each base is detected by laser scanners with wavelengths specific to the four different ddNTPS’s.
A DNA sample is denatured by heating and then put into four tubes. A primer, DNA polymerase and all four nucleotides are added. Limited quantities of one of the four dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) are added to each tube respectively. Each one of them carries a specific fluorescent label. Chain elongation continues until a fluorescent ddNTP is removed from the growing chain, after which chain termination occurs. Gel electrophoresis is performed and the length of each base is detected by laser scanners with wavelengths specific to the four different ddNTPS’s.
A DNA sample is denatured by heating and then put into four tubes. A primer, DNA polymerase and all four nucleotides are added. Limited quantities of one of the four deoxynucleotides (dNTPs) are added to each tube respectively. Each one of them carries a specific fluorescent label. Chain elongation continues until a fluorescent dNTP is added the growing chain, after which chain termination occurs. Gel electrophoresis is performed and the length of each base is detected by laser scanners with wavelengths specific to the four different dNTPS’s.
62.
What process is illustrated in the figure?
transcription
mutation
excision
translation
63.
Describe how the model of DNA replication illustrates the function of topoisomerase.
Topoisomerase relieves the pressure that results from supercoiling by breaking and reforming DNA’s phosphate backbone ahead of the replication fork.
Topoisomerase increases the pressure to increase supercoiling by breaking and reforming DNA’s phosphate backbone ahead of the replication fork.
Topoisomerase relieves the pressure that results from supercoiling by breaking and reforming DNA’s nucleotide base pairs ahead of the replication fork.
Topoisomerase relieves the pressure that results from separation of DNA strands by breaking and reforming DNA’s phosphate backbone ahead of the replication fork.
64.
Flamingos have genotypes for white feathers yet often appear with pink feathers within the same population. What is most likely affecting the phenotype of some flamingos, causing their feathers to turn pink in an isolated population?
weather variations
dietary changes
DNA mutations
translation failure
65.
What can be the result of DNA failing to undergo repair after too much UV exposure?
second degree burns
a malignant melanoma
a breakdown of deep layers of the skin
a sun burn
66.
Identify the type of change that can occur in the DNA of a chromosome that is termed a chromosomal mutation.
substitution
translocation
missense
transversion
67.
(credit: modification of work by Subhadip Mondal/Biology Discussion)
The table shows which codons code for which amino acids in the DNA.
Due to a mutation, the nucleotide sequence ATC-CAG-AGA becomes ATT-CAG-AGA on a gene.
What type of mutation would this be?
Silent mutation.
Missense mutation.
Nonesense mutation.
Frameshift mutation.
68.
You are looking at two fragments of DNA. Both have the sequence CATTCTG on one strand and GTAAGAC on the other. One of the fragments is exposed to UV light, the other is not. What will happen to the fragments and how might these mutations be repaired?
The fragment exposed to UV light contains thymine dimers. Thymines lying adjacent to each other can form thymine dimers when exposed to UV light. They can be repaired by nucleotide excision.
The fragment exposed to UV light contains adenine dimers. Adenines lying adjacent to each other can form dimers when exposed to UV light. They can be repaired by nucleotide excision.
The fragment exposed to UV light contains thymine dimers. Thymines lying parallel to each other can form thymine dimers when exposed to UV light. They can be repaired by nucleotide excision.
The fragment exposed to UV light contains thymine dimers. Thymines lying adjacent to each other can form thymine dimers when exposed to UV light. They can be synthesized by nucleotide excision.
69.
Discuss how mutations can increase variation within a population.
Substitution mutations may cause a different amino acid to be placed at a specific location, causing small changes in the protein. Frameshift mutations usually cause multiple amino acid changes, increasing chances that a new protein will form, leading to radically different characteristics in the offspring.
Substitution mutations may cause multiple amino acid changes, increasing chances that a new protein will form, leading to radically different characteristics in the offspring. Frameshift mutations may cause a different amino acid to be placed at a specific location, causing small changes in a protein.
Substitution mutations may cause a different amino acid to be placed at a specific location, resulting in major changes to the protein and leading to radically different characteristics in the offspring. Frameshift mutations cause multiple amino acid differences in a protein, leading to small changes in the protein.
Substitution mutations result in a different amino acid being placed at a specific position in a protein, causing small changes. Silent mutations could result in new characteristics possessed by an offspring when a stop codon is substituted for an amino acid.
