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11 .

A horizontal line has vertical lines labeled A through E extending up from it. Line A extends up from the left end and line E extends up from the right end. The lines are spaced varying distances apart and the spaces are labeled, with larger numbers representing larger distances. The distances are as follows: A to B, 8; B to C, 12; C to D, 3: D to E, 5.

The figure represents a Drosophila linkage map for genes A-E. The numbers between the gene loci are the relative map units between each gene. Based on the linkage map, predict and identify the two genes that are most likely to segregate together.

  1. A and B
  2. B and C
  3. C and D
  4. D and E
12 .
A dihybrid test cross (two traits) was made between true-breeding EEWW flies and eeww flies. The resulting F1 generation was then crossed with eeww flies. 100 offspring in the F2 generation were examined and the E and W genes were determined to be not linked. Differentiate between the correct genotypes of the F2 offspring of the unlinked genes and the predicted genotypes if the genes were instead found to be linked.
  1. Not linked: parental genotypes EeWw and eeww; linked: 25% Eeww, 50% eeWw
  2. Not linked: 25% EeWw, 25% Eeww, 25% eeWw, and 25% eeww; linked: 50% EeWw and 50% eeww
  3. Linked genotypes (EeWw and eeww) and recombinant genotypes (Eeww and eeWw) in the F2 generation are nearly the same irrespective of their linkage
  4. Nor linked: 25% EeWw and eeww with 75% Eeww and eeWw; linked: mostly with parental genotypes, Eeww and eeWw
13 .
A table with four columns and four rows presents the number of each of four categories observed for four F 2 genotypes. From left to right, the columns representing number observed are labeled A through D. The column containing the row headings is labeled F 2 genotype. The data in the rows is as follows. Row 1 F 2 genotype uppercase A lowercase a uppercase B lowercase b: number of uppercase A 46, number of uppercase B 4, number of uppercase C 25, number of uppercase D 50. Row 2 F 2 genotype uppercase A lowercase a lowercase B lowercase B: number of uppercase A 4, number of uppercase B 46, number of uppercase C 25, number of uppercase D 0. Row 3 F 2 genotype lowercase a lowercase a uppercase B lowercase B: number of uppercase A 4, number of uppercase B 46, number of uppercase C 25, number of uppercase D 0. Row 4 F 2 genotype lowercase a lowercase a lowercase b lowercase b: number of uppercase A 46, number of uppercase B 4, number of uppercase C 25, number of uppercase D 50.

A cross was made with true-breeding AABB flies and true-breeding aabb flies. The resulting F 1 generation was then crossed with true-breeding aabb flies. Based on the linkage map, which of the following F 2 generation genotype ratios is most likely to be observed?

  1. Number Observed: AaBb (46), Aabb (4), aaBb (4), Aabb (46)
  2. Number Observed: AaBb (4), Aabb (46), aaBb (46), Aabb (4)
  3. Number Observed: AaBb (25), Aabb (25), aaBb (25), Aabb (25)
  4. Number Observed: AaBb (50), Aabb (0), aaBb (0), Aabb (50)
14 .

In this micrograph of a male human karyotype, an extra copy of the X chromosome is present, in addition to a Y chromosome. All other chromosomes show the normal diploid state with 2 copies

Which of the following symptoms is most likely associated with the disorder shown in the karyotype?

  1. lethality
  2. infertility
  3. heart and bleeding defects
  4. short stature and stunted growth
15 .

A karyotype shows four rows of vertical chromosomes. Each pair of chromosomes is numbered and the chromosomes of each pair look similar in length and banding pattern. Chromosomes with higher numbers are generally smaller than those with lower numbers, although some are similar in size and chromosome pair 20 is larger than chromosome pair 19. The top row contains chromosome pairs 1 through 5; the second row contains chromosome pairs 6 through 12; the third row contains chromosome pairs 13 through 18; and the fourth row contains chromosome pairs 19 through 22, a pair of intermediate-sized chromosomes labeled X, and a single small chromosome labeled Y.

Interpret the karyotype shown to identify the statement that correctly names the disorder caused by this karyotype and describes the potential social, ethical, or medical issues associated with that disorder.

  1. Down syndrome (47 XY +21) causes intellectual disability, vision problems, congenital heart disease, and susceptibility to cancer. Healthcare providers often do not discuss the positive aspects of raising a child with Down syndrome and often provide out of date information.
  2. Klinefelter syndrome (47 XY +21) causes intellectual disability, vision problems, congenital heart disease, and susceptibility to cancer. Arguments are often made against abortion of an affected fetus.
  3. Klinefelter syndrome (47 XXY) causes sterility and reduced testosterone production. Arguments are often made against informing insurance companies about a diagnosis of this disease.
  4. Down syndrome (47 XXY) causes sterility and lower testosterone production. Arguments are often made against informing insurance companies about a diagnosis of this disease.
16 .
A horizontal line has vertical lines labeled R through V extending up from it. Line R extends up from the left end and line V extends up from the right end. The lines are spaced varying distances apart and the spaces are labeled, with larger numbers representing larger distances. The distances are as follows: R to S, 6; S to T, 11; T to U, 2; U to V, 4.

Examine the linkage map displayed. Predict which of the following gene orders is the most likely outcome of an inversion mutation in the chromosome shown.

  1. RSTUV
  2. RRSTUV
  3. RSUV
  4. RTSUV
17 .
This illustration shows nondisjunction that occurs during meiosis 1 and meiosis 2. Nondisjunction during meiosis 1 occurs when a homologous pair fails to separate, and results in two gametes with n + 1 chromosomes, and two gametes with n − 1 chromosomes. Nondisjunction during meiosis 2 would occur when sister chromatids fail to separate, and results in one gamete with n + 1 chromosomes, one gamete with n − 1 chromosomes, and two normal gametes.

With the help the diagram given, choose the most appropriate statement describing nondisjunction and its genetic consequences.

  1. Nondisjunction occurs when a homologous pair is unable to separate during meiosis I, resulting in the formation of gametes containing n+1 and n-1 chromosomes. This is called aneuploidy.
  2. Nondisjunction occurs due to the inability of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II, resulting in the formation of gametes containing n+1 and n-1 chromosomes. This results in heart and bleeding defects.
  3. Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis I or failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II. This results in aneuploid gametes.
  4. Nondisjunction occurs when a pair of homologous chromosomes fails to segregate during meiosis II resulting in the formation of gametes containing n+1, n-1, or n numbers of chromosomes. This results in abnormal growth patterns.
18 .
If the effects of Klinefelter syndrome are compared to the effects of Down Syndrome, this disorder is ______.
  1. more severe than Down syndrome, due to gene deletions in this syndrome
  2. more severe than Down syndrome, due to trisomy in Klinefelter syndrome
  3. less severe than Down syndrome, due to monosomy in Down Syndrome
  4. less severe than Down syndrome, due to X-inactivation in this disorder
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