Symbols
A
absorption spectrum
5.3 Spectroscopy in Astronomy
accelerate
2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy
accretion
14.3 Formation of the Solar System
accretion disk
24.6 Evidence for Black Holes,
27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are,
27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are,
27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are,
27.3 Quasars as Probes of Evolution in the Universe
active galactic nuclei (AGN)
27.1 Quasars
active galaxies
27.1 Quasars
active region
15.3 Solar Activity above the Photosphere
adaptive optics
6.2 Telescopes Today
afterglow
23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
Allen Telescope Array
30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
Alpha Centauri
5.1 The Behavior of Light,
18.1 A Stellar Census,
19.2 Surveying the Stars,
19.2 Surveying the Stars,
19.2 Surveying the Stars
Amino acids
30.2 Astrobiology
Andromeda galaxy
1.7 The Universe on the Large Scale,
1.7 The Universe on the Large Scale,
25.5 Stellar Populations in the Galaxy,
25.6 The Formation of the Galaxy,
25.6 The Formation of the Galaxy,
26.2 Types of Galaxies,
26.3 Properties of Galaxies,
27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are,
28.1 Observations of Distant Galaxies,
28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space
angular momentum
3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis
Ant Nebula
Thinking Ahead
anthropic principle
29.7 The Anthropic Principle
antimatter
16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity,
29.3 The Beginning of the Universe,
29.7 The Anthropic Principle
antiparticle
16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity
apertures
6.1 Telescopes
aphelion
3.4 Orbits in the Solar System
Apollo program
9.1 General Properties of the Moon
apparent magnitudes
2.2 Ancient Astronomy
apparent solar time
4.3 Keeping Time
Aristarchus
2.2 Ancient Astronomy
Aristotle
2.2 Ancient Astronomy
Armstrong
9.2 The Lunar Surface
association
22.2 Star Clusters
asteroids
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
12.4 Pluto and Charon,
13.1 Asteroids,
13.1 Asteroids,
13.1 Asteroids,
13.1 Asteroids,
13.1 Asteroids,
13.2 Asteroids and Planetary Defense,
14.2 Meteorites: Stones from Heaven,
14.3 Formation of the Solar System,
14.5 Planetary Evolution
astrobiology
30.2 Astrobiology
astrology
2.3 Astrology and Astronomy
astronomical unit
19.1 Fundamental Units of Distance
astronomical unit (AU)
3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
astronomy
1.1 The Nature of Astronomy
Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array
6.4 Radio Telescopes
aurora
15.4 Space Weather
Australia Telescope Compact Array
6.4 Radio Telescopes
B
B–V index
17.2 Colors of Stars
Balmer lines
17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs)
Barnard
20.3 Cosmic Dust
barred spiral galaxy
25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy
baryon cycle
20.5 The Life Cycle of Cosmic Material
basalt
8.1 The Global Perspective
Bayer
19.2 Surveying the Stars
Bayer letter
19.2 Surveying the Stars
Bessel
19.2 Surveying the Stars
Betelgeuse
2.1 The Sky Above,
17.2 Colors of Stars,
17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs),
18.3 Diameters of Stars,
19.2 Surveying the Stars,
19.2 Surveying the Stars,
21.1 Star Formation,
22.1 Evolution from the Main Sequence to Red Giants,
22.1 Evolution from the Main Sequence to Red Giants,
22.1 Evolution from the Main Sequence to Red Giants
Big Bang
29.1 The Age of the Universe,
29.3 The Beginning of the Universe,
29.6 The Inflationary Universe
big crunch
29.2 A Model of the Universe
Big Telescope Altazimuth
6.2 Telescopes Today
binary star system
23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems
binary stars
18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses
binding energy
16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity
biomarker
30.3 Searching for Life beyond Earth
black hole
23.2 Evolution of Massive Stars: An Explosive Finish,
23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars,
23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems,
23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts,
23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts,
24.5 Black Holes,
24.5 Black Holes,
24.5 Black Holes,
24.5 Black Holes,
24.5 Black Holes,
24.6 Evidence for Black Holes,
24.6 Evidence for Black Holes,
24.6 Evidence for Black Holes,
25.3 The Mass of the Galaxy,
25.4 The Center of the Galaxy,
25.4 The Center of the Galaxy,
25.4 The Center of the Galaxy,
27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are,
27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are,
27.3 Quasars as Probes of Evolution in the Universe,
27.3 Quasars as Probes of Evolution in the Universe
black widow pulsar
23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems
blackbody
5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
blueshift
5.6 The Doppler Effect
Bohr model
5.5 Formation of Spectral Lines
Borexino experiment
16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations
Brookhaven National Laboratory
16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations
C
C-type asteroids
13.1 Asteroids
calendar
4.4 The Calendar
Callisto
12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter
Callisto’s surface
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter
Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex
6.4 Radio Telescopes
Carrington Event
15.4 Space Weather
Cassini
11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets
celestial equator
2.1 The Sky Above
celestial poles
2.1 The Sky Above
celestial sphere
2.1 The Sky Above
central bulge
25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy
Ceres
3.4 Orbits in the Solar System,
3.4 Orbits in the Solar System,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
12.4 Pluto and Charon,
13.1 Asteroids,
13.1 Asteroids,
13.1 Asteroids,
13.1 Asteroids
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere
Chandrasekhar
23.1 The Death of Low-Mass Stars
CHARA
6.4 Radio Telescopes
charge-coupled devices (CCDs)
6.3 Visible-Light Detectors and Instruments
Chelyabinsk
8.5 Cosmic Influences on the Evolution of Earth
Cherenkov Telescope Array
6.6 The Future of Large Telescopes
CHNOPS
30.2 Astrobiology
chromatic aberration
6.1 Telescopes
chromosphere
15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
circumpolar zone
2.1 The Sky Above
circumstellar disk
14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems
climate
8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere
closed universe
29.2 A Model of the Universe
cold dark matter
28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter
collisions
25.6 The Formation of the Galaxy
color index
17.2 Colors of Stars
Coma cluster
28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space
comet dust
13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets
Comet Halley
13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets,
13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets,
13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets,
13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets,
13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets,
13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects,
14.1 Meteors
Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects,
13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects,
13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects,
13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9
7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets,
7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets
comets
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets,
13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets,
13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets,
14.1 Meteors,
14.1 Meteors,
14.3 Formation of the Solar System,
14.3 Formation of the Solar System,
20.1 The Interstellar Medium,
20.3 Cosmic Dust
Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory
23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
conduction
16.3 The Solar Interior: Theory
conservation of angular momentum
3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis
continuous spectrum
5.3 Spectroscopy in Astronomy
convection currents
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets
convective zone
15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
coordinates
4.1 Earth and Sky
Copernican principle
30.1 The Cosmic Context for Life
Copernicus
2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy,
2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy,
2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy,
2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy,
29 Thought Questions
coronal hole
15.4 Space Weather
coronal holes
15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
coronal mass ejection (CME)
15.3 Solar Activity above the Photosphere
cosmic haystack problem
30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
cosmic microwave background (CMB)
29.4 The Cosmic Microwave Background
cosmological constant
29.1 The Age of the Universe
cosmological principle
28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space,
29.2 A Model of the Universe,
29.2 A Model of the Universe
cosmology
2.2 Ancient Astronomy
Crab Nebula
Introduction,
23.3 Supernova Observations,
23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars,
23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars,
23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars
crater counts
9.3 Impact Craters
critical density
29.2 A Model of the Universe
Curtis
27.1 Quasars
D
dark matter
25.3 The Mass of the Galaxy,
25.3 The Mass of the Galaxy,
26.2 Types of Galaxies,
26.3 Properties of Galaxies,
26.3 Properties of Galaxies,
28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter,
28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter,
28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter,
28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter,
28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter,
29.5 What Is the Universe Really Made Of?
dark matter halo
25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy
Darwin
4.6 Ocean Tides and the Moon
declination
4.1 Earth and Sky
degenerate gas
23.1 The Death of Low-Mass Stars
Delta Cephei
19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances,
19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances,
19.4 The H–R Diagram and Cosmic Distances
detector
6.1 Telescopes
deuterium
29.3 The Beginning of the Universe
differential galactic rotation
25.2 Spiral Structure
differential rotation
15.2 The Solar Cycle
Differentiation
7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets
dispersion
5.3 Spectroscopy in Astronomy
distance
19.1 Fundamental Units of Distance
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
30.2 Astrobiology
Doppler
5.6 The Doppler Effect,
17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion
Doppler effect
5.6 The Doppler Effect,
5.6 The Doppler Effect,
14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems,
18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses,
21.4 Planets beyond the Solar System: Search and Discovery,
26.3 Properties of Galaxies
Drake equation
30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
Dreyer
20.1 The Interstellar Medium
dwarf planet
12.4 Pluto and Charon
E
Earth
1.6 A Tour of the Universe,
3.4 Orbits in the Solar System,
4.1 Earth and Sky,
4.7 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets,
Thinking Ahead,
8.1 The Global Perspective,
8.2 Earth’s Crust,
8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere,
8.4 Life, Chemical Evolution, and Climate Change,
8.5 Cosmic Influences on the Evolution of Earth,
10.6 Divergent Planetary Evolution,
11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets,
14.5 Planetary Evolution,
14.5 Planetary Evolution
Earth-approaching asteroids
13.2 Asteroids and Planetary Defense,
13.2 Asteroids and Planetary Defense,
13.2 Asteroids and Planetary Defense
Earth’s interior
8.1 The Global Perspective
Earth’s magnetic field
8.1 The Global Perspective
Earth’s magnetosphere
8.1 The Global Perspective
Earth’s surface
8.1 The Global Perspective
eccentricity
3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
eclipsing binary
18.3 Diameters of Stars
Eddington
18.4 The H–R Diagram
Effelsberg 100-m Telescope
6.4 Radio Telescopes
Einstein
16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity,
16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity,
24.1 Introducing General Relativity,
24.2 Spacetime and Gravity,
24.3 Tests of General Relativity,
28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter,
29.1 The Age of the Universe
electromagnetic radiation
5.1 The Behavior of Light
electromagnetic spectrum
5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
ellipse
3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
Elliptical galaxies
26.2 Types of Galaxies
emission spectrum
5.3 Spectroscopy in Astronomy
Enceladus
12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced,
12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus),
12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus),
12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus),
14.5 Planetary Evolution,
30.3 Searching for Life beyond Earth
energy flux
5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
energy level
5.4 The Structure of the Atom
epicycle
2.2 Ancient Astronomy
equivalence principle
24.1 Introducing General Relativity
Eris
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
12.4 Pluto and Charon,
13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
Eros
13.1 Asteroids
escape speed
3.5 Motions of Satellites and Spacecraft
escape velocity
24.5 Black Holes
Europa
12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter,
13.1 Asteroids,
30.3 Searching for Life beyond Earth,
30.3 Searching for Life beyond Earth
event horizon
24.5 Black Holes,
24.5 Black Holes,
27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are
evolution
28.1 Observations of Distant Galaxies
excitation
5.5 Formation of Spectral Lines
exoplanet
14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems,
21.4 Planets beyond the Solar System: Search and Discovery
exoplanets
14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems
expanding universe
26.5 The Expanding Universe
extremophile
30.2 Astrobiology
eyepiece
6.1 Telescopes
F
F Ring
12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus),
12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus),
12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus)
faults
8.2 Earth’s Crust
Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere
Fermi paradox
30.1 The Cosmic Context for Life
Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST)
6.4 Radio Telescopes
Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope
6.4 Radio Telescopes
Flamsteed
19.2 Surveying the Stars
Flamsteed number
19.2 Surveying the Stars
flat universe
29.4 The Cosmic Microwave Background
formaldehyde
20.2 Interstellar Gas
Foucault
4.1 Earth and Sky
frequency
5.1 The Behavior of Light
G
galactic cannibalism
28.2 Galaxy Mergers and Active Galactic Nuclei
galactic mass
26.3 Properties of Galaxies
galaxies
26.1 The Discovery of Galaxies,
26.2 Types of Galaxies,
26.3 Properties of Galaxies,
28.1 Observations of Distant Galaxies
galaxy clusters
28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space
galaxy collisions
28.2 Galaxy Mergers and Active Galactic Nuclei
Galileo
2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy,
2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy,
2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy,
2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy,
3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion,
Thinking Ahead,
6.1 Telescopes,
15.2 The Solar Cycle,
18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses
gamma rays
5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
gamma-ray burst
23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts,
23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts,
23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
gamma-ray bursts
23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
Ganymede
7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets,
12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter
Gaspra
13.1 Asteroids
Gemini North
6.2 Telescopes Today
Gemini South
6.2 Telescopes Today
general theory of relativity
24.1 Introducing General Relativity,
29.1 The Age of the Universe,
29.2 A Model of the Universe,
29.3 The Beginning of the Universe,
29.4 The Cosmic Microwave Background
genes
30.2 Astrobiology
geocentric
2.1 The Sky Above
giant impact hypothesis
9.4 The Origin of the Moon
Giant Magellan Telescope
6.2 Telescopes Today
giant molecular clouds
21.1 Star Formation
giant planets
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets
giant stars
18.3 Diameters of Stars
Gilbert
9.3 Impact Craters
Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex
6.4 Radio Telescopes
Gran Telescopio Canarias
6.2 Telescopes Today
grand unified theories
29.6 The Inflationary Universe
granite
8.1 The Global Perspective
granulation
15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
gravitational energy
16.1 Sources of Sunshine: Thermal and Gravitational Energy
gravitational redshift
24.4 Time in General Relativity
gravitational wave
24.7 Gravitational Wave Astronomy,
24.7 Gravitational Wave Astronomy,
24.7 Gravitational Wave Astronomy
gravitational waves
23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
gravity
3.3 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation,
24.4 Time in General Relativity,
24.5 Black Holes
great circle
4.1 Earth and Sky
Great Red Spot
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets
Green Bank Telescope
6.4 Radio Telescopes
greenhouse effect
8.4 Life, Chemical Evolution, and Climate Change,
10.3 The Massive Atmosphere of Venus
greenhouse gases
8.4 Life, Chemical Evolution, and Climate Change
Gregorian calendar
4.4 The Calendar
ground state
5.5 Formation of Spectral Lines
H
H II region
20.2 Interstellar Gas
H–R diagram
18.4 The H–R Diagram,
19.4 The H–R Diagram and Cosmic Distances,
21.2 The H–R Diagram and the Study of Stellar Evolution,
22.1 Evolution from the Main Sequence to Red Giants,
22.3 Checking Out the Theory,
23.1 The Death of Low-Mass Stars
habitable environment
30.2 Astrobiology
habitable zone
30.3 Searching for Life beyond Earth
Hale Telescope
6.2 Telescopes Today
half-life
7.3 Dating Planetary Surfaces
Haro
21.1 Star Formation
Hat Creek Radio Observatory
6.4 Radio Telescopes
heat transfer
16.3 The Solar Interior: Theory
heliocentric
2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy
helioseismology
16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations
helium flash
22.4 Further Evolution of Stars
Henderson
19.2 Surveying the Stars
Herbig
21.1 Star Formation
Herbig-Haro (HH) object
21.1 Star Formation
Herschel
3.6 Gravity with More Than Two Bodies,
18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses,
20.1 The Interstellar Medium,
25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy
Hertzsprung
18.4 The H–R Diagram
highlands
9.2 The Lunar Surface
HL Tau
14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems,
21.3 Evidence That Planets Form around Other Stars
Hobby–Eberly Telescope
6.2 Telescopes Today
Holden
20.3 Cosmic Dust
homogeneous
28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space
horizon
2.1 The Sky Above
horizon distance
29.6 The Inflationary Universe
horoscope
2.3 Astrology and Astronomy
hot dark matter
28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter
hot Jupiter
14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems
hot Jupiters
21.4 Planets beyond the Solar System: Search and Discovery,
21.6 New Perspectives on Planet Formation
Hubble
6.2 Telescopes Today,
19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances,
26.1 The Discovery of Galaxies,
26.1 The Discovery of Galaxies,
26.5 The Expanding Universe,
Thinking Ahead
Hubble constant
26.5 The Expanding Universe,
29.1 The Age of the Universe,
29.2 A Model of the Universe,
29.4 The Cosmic Microwave Background
Hubble Space Telescope
6.2 Telescopes Today,
6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere,
6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere,
27.1 Quasars,
27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are
Hubble time
29.1 The Age of the Universe
Huggins
17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs),
17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion
Humason
26.5 The Expanding Universe
hydrostatic equilibrium
16.3 The Solar Interior: Theory
I
igneous rock
8.2 Earth’s Crust
infalling material
27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are
inflationary universe
29.6 The Inflationary Universe
infrared
5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph
15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
Interference
6.4 Radio Telescopes
interferometer
6.4 Radio Telescopes
interferometer array
6.4 Radio Telescopes
International Astronomical Union
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System
International Date Line
4.3 Keeping Time
International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)
16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity
interstellar extinction
20.3 Cosmic Dust
interstellar mass
20.1 The Interstellar Medium
interstellar medium
20.5 The Life Cycle of Cosmic Material,
20.5 The Life Cycle of Cosmic Material,
20.5 The Life Cycle of Cosmic Material
interstellar medium (ISM)
20.1 The Interstellar Medium
interstellar molecules
20.2 Interstellar Gas
inverse square law
5.1 The Behavior of Light
Io
8.2 Earth’s Crust,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter
ionization
5.5 Formation of Spectral Lines
IRAM
6.4 Radio Telescopes
irregular galaxy
26.2 Types of Galaxies
isotopes
5.4 The Structure of the Atom
Itokawa
13.1 Asteroids
J
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
6.4 Radio Telescopes
James Webb Space Telescope
6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere,
6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere,
6.6 The Future of Large Telescopes,
6 Summary,
21.1 Star Formation,
21.1 Star Formation,
21.3 Evidence That Planets Form around Other Stars,
28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space,
29.5 What Is the Universe Really Made Of?
Jansky
6.4 Radio Telescopes
Jansky Very Large Array
6.4 Radio Telescopes
Janssen
6.1 Telescopes
Jupiter
2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy,
3.4 Orbits in the Solar System,
6.2 Telescopes Today,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets,
7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets,
7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets,
7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets,
Thinking Ahead,
11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets,
11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets,
11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets,
11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets,
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets,
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets,
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets,
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets,
Thinking Ahead,
12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter,
12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus),
13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects,
13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects,
13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects,
13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects,
14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems,
17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs),
18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses
Jupiter’s storms
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets
K
Kepler
3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion,
3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion,
3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion,
6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere,
21.4 Planets beyond the Solar System: Search and Discovery,
23.3 Supernova Observations,
25.3 The Mass of the Galaxy
Kepler mission
21.5 Exoplanets Everywhere: What We Are Learning
Kepler’s first law
3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
Kepler’s second law
3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
L
Large Magellanic Cloud
1.7 The Universe on the Large Scale,
Thinking Ahead,
19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances,
19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances,
23.3 Supernova Observations,
23.3 Supernova Observations,
26.2 Types of Galaxies,
28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter
Large Synoptic Survey Telescope
6.2 Telescopes Today
law of conservation of energy
16.1 Sources of Sunshine: Thermal and Gravitational Energy
Le Verrier
3.6 Gravity with More Than Two Bodies
light curve
19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances
light pollution
6.2 Telescopes Today
light-year
19.2 Surveying the Stars
line broadening
26.3 Properties of Galaxies
Lippershey
6.1 Telescopes
Little Ice Age
15.4 Space Weather
Local Bubble
20.6 Interstellar Matter around the Sun
Local Fluff
20.6 Interstellar Matter around the Sun
Local Group
1.7 The Universe on the Large Scale,
28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space,
28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space,
28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter
long-duration gamma-ray burst
23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
Lovell Telescope
6.4 Radio Telescopes
Lowell
10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview,
10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview,
10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview,
12.4 Pluto and Charon
luminosity
17.1 The Brightness of Stars
luminosity classes
19.4 The H–R Diagram and Cosmic Distances
lunar eclipse
4.7 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon
lunar exploration
9.1 General Properties of the Moon
lunar history
9.2 The Lunar Surface
lunar missions
9.1 General Properties of the Moon
M
M-type asteroids
13.1 Asteroids
M87
27.1 Quasars,
27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are,
27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are,
28.2 Galaxy Mergers and Active Galactic Nuclei
Magellan Telescopes
6.2 Telescopes Today
magnetic field
11.2 The Giant Planets
magnetism
5.1 The Behavior of Light
magnetogram
15.2 The Solar Cycle
main sequence
18.4 The H–R Diagram,
18.4 The H–R Diagram,
22.1 Evolution from the Main Sequence to Red Giants,
22.1 Evolution from the Main Sequence to Red Giants
main-sequence stars
18.4 The H–R Diagram
main-sequence turnoff
22.3 Checking Out the Theory
major axis
3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
Makemake
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
12.4 Pluto and Charon,
13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
mantle
8.1 The Global Perspective
Mars
Introduction,
2.2 Ancient Astronomy,
3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion,
3.4 Orbits in the Solar System,
Thinking Ahead,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets,
8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere,
8.4 Life, Chemical Evolution, and Climate Change,
10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview,
10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview,
10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview,
10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview,
10.4 The Geology of Mars,
10.4 The Geology of Mars,
10.4 The Geology of Mars,
10.4 The Geology of Mars,
10.5 Water and Life on Mars,
10.5 Water and Life on Mars,
10.5 Water and Life on Mars,
10.5 Water and Life on Mars,
10.6 Divergent Planetary Evolution,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter,
13.1 Asteroids,
14.5 Planetary Evolution,
14.5 Planetary Evolution,
30.3 Searching for Life beyond Earth
martian meteorites
10.4 The Geology of Mars
mass extinction
8.5 Cosmic Influences on the Evolution of Earth
mass loss
22.4 Further Evolution of Stars
mass-luminosity relation
18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses
Maunder
15.4 Space Weather
Maunder Minimum
15.4 Space Weather
Maxwell Mountains
14.5 Planetary Evolution
mean solar time
4.3 Keeping Time
Mercury
3.4 Orbits in the Solar System,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets,
7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets,
9.1 General Properties of the Moon,
9.5 Mercury,
9.5 Mercury,
9.5 Mercury,
9.5 Mercury,
24.3 Tests of General Relativity,
24.3 Tests of General Relativity
Mercury’s composition
9.5 Mercury
Mercury’s orbit
9.5 Mercury
Mercury’s rotation
9.5 Mercury
Mercury’s surface
9.5 Mercury
meridian
4.1 Earth and Sky
MESSENGER
9.5 Mercury
Messier
20.1 The Interstellar Medium
Metamorphic rocks
8.2 Earth’s Crust
meteorite fall
14.2 Meteorites: Stones from Heaven
meteorites
14.2 Meteorites: Stones from Heaven
Metius
6.1 Telescopes
Michell
24.5 Black Holes
microwave
5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Milky Way Galaxy
1.6 A Tour of the Universe,
1.6 A Tour of the Universe,
Thinking Ahead,
6.4 Radio Telescopes,
19.2 Surveying the Stars,
20.1 The Interstellar Medium,
20.2 Interstellar Gas,
20.3 Cosmic Dust,
20.4 Cosmic Rays,
20.5 The Life Cycle of Cosmic Material,
21.6 New Perspectives on Planet Formation,
25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy,
25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy,
25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy,
25.6 The Formation of the Galaxy,
26.3 Properties of Galaxies,
27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are,
28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space
Miller
30.2 Astrobiology
Miller-Urey
30.2 Astrobiology
millisecond pulsars
23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems
mini-Neptunes
21.5 Exoplanets Everywhere: What We Are Learning
momentum
3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis
Moon
1.6 A Tour of the Universe,
4.5 Phases and Motions of the Moon,
4.5 Phases and Motions of the Moon,
4.5 Phases and Motions of the Moon,
4.6 Ocean Tides and the Moon,
4.7 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets,
7.3 Dating Planetary Surfaces,
Thinking Ahead,
9.1 General Properties of the Moon,
9.1 General Properties of the Moon,
9.2 The Lunar Surface,
9.3 Impact Craters,
9.4 The Origin of the Moon,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter,
14.5 Planetary Evolution,
18.3 Diameters of Stars,
19.2 Surveying the Stars
Moon’s highlands
9.2 The Lunar Surface
Moon’s interior
9.1 General Properties of the Moon
Moon’s origin
9.4 The Origin of the Moon
Moon’s properties
9.1 General Properties of the Moon
Moon’s surface
9.2 The Lunar Surface
Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network
6.4 Radio Telescopes
Multi-Mirror Telescope
6.2 Telescopes Today
multiverse
29.7 The Anthropic Principle
N
near-Earth asteroids (NEAs)
13.2 Asteroids and Planetary Defense
near-Earth objects (NEOs)
13.2 Asteroids and Planetary Defense
Neptune
3.4 Orbits in the Solar System,
3.6 Gravity with More Than Two Bodies,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets,
Thinking Ahead,
11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets,
11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets,
11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets,
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets,
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets,
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets,
12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced,
12.3 Titan and Triton,
12.4 Pluto and Charon,
12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus),
13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
Neptune’s Great Dark Spot
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets
neutrino
16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity,
16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity,
16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations,
16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations,
23.2 Evolution of Massive Stars: An Explosive Finish,
23.3 Supernova Observations,
29.3 The Beginning of the Universe,
29.3 The Beginning of the Universe,
29.7 The Anthropic Principle
neutron star
23.2 Evolution of Massive Stars: An Explosive Finish,
23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars,
23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars,
23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars,
23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems,
23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts,
23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
New Horizons
12.4 Pluto and Charon
Newton
3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis,
3.3 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation,
5.3 Spectroscopy in Astronomy,
13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets,
24.1 Introducing General Relativity,
25.3 The Mass of the Galaxy
Newton’s first law
3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis
Newton’s second law
3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis
Newton’s third law
3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis
Nobeyama Radio Observatory
6.4 Radio Telescopes
nuclear bulge
25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy
nucleosynthesis
22.5 The Evolution of More Massive Stars
O
Olympus Mons
10.4 The Geology of Mars,
10.4 The Geology of Mars,
10.4 The Geology of Mars,
10.4 The Geology of Mars,
14.5 Planetary Evolution,
14.5 Planetary Evolution
Open clusters
22.2 Star Clusters
open universe
29.2 A Model of the Universe
optical SETI
30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
orbital period
3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
orbital speed
3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
organic compounds
30.2 Astrobiology
organic molecule
30.1 The Cosmic Context for Life
Orion Nebula
1.4 Numbers in Astronomy,
7.4 Origin of the Solar System,
14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems,
18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses,
20.2 Interstellar Gas,
21.1 Star Formation,
21.1 Star Formation,
25.2 Spiral Structure
oscillating theory of the universe
29.2 A Model of the Universe
Osterbrock
20.3 Cosmic Dust
Oumuamua
13.1 Asteroids
ozone
8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere
P
Pallas
13.1 Asteroids
parallax
2.2 Ancient Astronomy,
19.2 Surveying the Stars,
19.2 Surveying the Stars,
19.2 Surveying the Stars
Parkes Observatory
6.4 Radio Telescopes
parsec
19.2 Surveying the Stars
partial eclipse
4.7 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon
Pauli exclusion principle
23.1 The Death of Low-Mass Stars
Payne-Gaposchkin
15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
perigee
3.4 Orbits in the Solar System
perihelion
3.4 Orbits in the Solar System
period-luminosity relation
19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances,
19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances
perturbations
3.6 Gravity with More Than Two Bodies
photochemistry
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets
photon decoupling time
29.4 The Cosmic Microwave Background
photosphere
15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
Piazzi
13.1 Asteroids
Pickering
18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses
Pioneer 10
11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets
Pioneer 11
11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets
Planck time
29.6 The Inflationary Universe
planetary evolution
10.6 Divergent Planetary Evolution
planetary nebulae
22.4 Further Evolution of Stars
planetary system
14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems
planetesimals
7.4 Origin of the Solar System
planets
2.1 The Sky Above
Plate tectonics
8.2 Earth’s Crust
Pluto
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets,
12.4 Pluto and Charon,
12.4 Pluto and Charon,
12.4 Pluto and Charon,
12.4 Pluto and Charon,
12.4 Pluto and Charon,
12.4 Pluto and Charon,
12.4 Pluto and Charon,
13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
Polaris
2.1 The Sky Above,
2.2 Ancient Astronomy,
4.1 Earth and Sky,
17.1 The Brightness of Stars,
19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances
population I
25.5 Stellar Populations in the Galaxy
population II
25.5 Stellar Populations in the Galaxy
precession
2.2 Ancient Astronomy
prime focus
6.1 Telescopes
primitive meteorites
14.2 Meteorites: Stones from Heaven
primitive rock
8.2 Earth’s Crust
prominences
15.3 Solar Activity above the Photosphere
Proteins
30.2 Astrobiology
protogalactic cloud
25.6 The Formation of the Galaxy
proton-proton chain
16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity,
16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity
protoplanet
14.3 Formation of the Solar System
protostar
21.1 Star Formation
Proxima Centauri
1.6 A Tour of the Universe,
18.1 A Stellar Census,
18.1 A Stellar Census,
19.2 Surveying the Stars,
20.1 The Interstellar Medium,
21.6 New Perspectives on Planet Formation,
30.3 Searching for Life beyond Earth
pulsating variable stars
19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances
Purcell
20.2 Interstellar Gas
Pythagoras
2.2 Ancient Astronomy
Q
quantum mechanics
29.1 The Age of the Universe
R
radial velocity
5.6 The Doppler Effect,
17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion
radiative zone
15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
radio astronomy
25.4 The Center of the Galaxy
radio observations
25.2 Spiral Structure
radio waves
5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
radioactive decay
23.3 Supernova Observations
radioactivity
7.3 Dating Planetary Surfaces
Reber
6.4 Radio Telescopes
reddening
20.3 Cosmic Dust
reflecting telescope
6.1 Telescopes
refracting telescope
6.1 Telescopes
Resolution
6.2 Telescopes Today
resonance
12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus)
retrograde motion
2.2 Ancient Astronomy
rift zones
8.2 Earth’s Crust
right ascension
4.1 Earth and Sky
ring system
12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus)
ring systems
12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
30.2 Astrobiology
RR Lyrae
19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances,
19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances
runaway greenhouse effect
10.3 The Massive Atmosphere of Venus
Rutherford
5.4 The Structure of the Atom
S
S-type asteroids
13.1 Asteroids
Sagittarius A*
25.4 The Center of the Galaxy,
25.4 The Center of the Galaxy,
25.4 The Center of the Galaxy
Saturn
3.4 Orbits in the Solar System,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets,
Thinking Ahead,
11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets,
11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets,
11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets,
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets,
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets,
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets,
12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced,
12.3 Titan and Triton,
12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus),
14.3 Formation of the Solar System
Saturn’s rings
11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets,
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets,
12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus),
12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus),
12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus),
14.3 Formation of the Solar System
scarps
9.5 Mercury
Schiaparelli
10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview
Schwabe
15.2 The Solar Cycle
Schwarzschild
24.5 Black Holes
science
1.2 The Nature of Science
Scott
9.2 The Lunar Surface
Sedimentary rocks
8.2 Earth’s Crust
seeing
6.2 Telescopes Today
seismic waves
8.1 The Global Perspective
selection effect
18.1 A Stellar Census
semimajor axis
3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
SETI
30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence,
30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
Seyfert
27.1 Quasars
short-duration gamma-ray burst
23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
sidereal day
4.3 Keeping Time
sidereal month
4.5 Phases and Motions of the Moon
singularity
24.5 Black Holes
Sirius
2.1 The Sky Above,
4.3 Keeping Time,
17.1 The Brightness of Stars,
17.1 The Brightness of Stars,
17.1 The Brightness of Stars,
17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs),
17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion,
17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion,
18.1 A Stellar Census,
18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses,
18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses,
18.3 Diameters of Stars,
18.4 The H–R Diagram,
18.4 The H–R Diagram,
18.4 The H–R Diagram,
19.2 Surveying the Stars,
19.2 Surveying the Stars,
23.1 The Death of Low-Mass Stars
Slipher
26.5 The Expanding Universe
Sloan Digital Sky Survey
28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space,
28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space
Small Magellanic Cloud
1.7 The Universe on the Large Scale,
Thinking Ahead,
Thinking Ahead,
19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances,
25.5 Stellar Populations in the Galaxy,
26.2 Types of Galaxies,
28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter
SN 1054
23.3 Supernova Observations,
23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars,
23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems
solar atmosphere
15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
solar cycle
15.2 The Solar Cycle,
15.2 The Solar Cycle,
15.3 Solar Activity above the Photosphere,
15.3 Solar Activity above the Photosphere,
15.4 Space Weather
solar day
4.3 Keeping Time
solar dynamo
15.2 The Solar Cycle
solar eclipse
4.7 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon
solar flare
15.3 Solar Activity above the Photosphere,
15.4 Space Weather,
16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations
solar month
4.5 Phases and Motions of the Moon
solar nebula
7.4 Origin of the Solar System,
14.3 Formation of the Solar System,
14.3 Formation of the Solar System
solar neutrino
16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations
solstice
4.2 The Seasons
Southern African Large Telescope
6.2 Telescopes Today
space weather
15.4 Space Weather
spectra
5.3 Spectroscopy in Astronomy
spectral class
17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs),
17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs)
spectral line
15.2 The Solar Cycle
spectrometer
5.3 Spectroscopy in Astronomy
spectroscopic binary
18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses
spiral arms
25.2 Spiral Structure
Spitzer Space Telescope
6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere
Spӧrer
15.4 Space Weather
Square Kilometre Array
6.4 Radio Telescopes
star cluster
22.2 Star Clusters
star diameter
18.3 Diameters of Stars
star formation
21.1 Star Formation
Stefan-Boltzmann law
5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
stellar color
17.2 Colors of Stars
stellar evolution
22.2 Star Clusters,
22.4 Further Evolution of Stars,
22.5 The Evolution of More Massive Stars
stellar spectra
17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs)
stellar temperature
17.2 Colors of Stars
stellar wind
21.1 Star Formation
stony-irons
14.2 Meteorites: Stones from Heaven
stratosphere
8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere
string theory
29.6 The Inflationary Universe
stromatolites
30.2 Astrobiology
strong nuclear force
16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity
Struve
19.2 Surveying the Stars
Subaru Telescope
6.2 Telescopes Today
subduction
8.2 Earth’s Crust
Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations
Sun
1.6 A Tour of the Universe,
4.2 The Seasons,
4.7 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon,
15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun,
15.2 The Solar Cycle,
15.3 Solar Activity above the Photosphere,
15.4 Space Weather,
16.1 Sources of Sunshine: Thermal and Gravitational Energy,
16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity,
16.3 The Solar Interior: Theory,
16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations,
17.2 Colors of Stars,
17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs),
19.1 Fundamental Units of Distance,
20.6 Interstellar Matter around the Sun,
22.1 Evolution from the Main Sequence to Red Giants
sunspot maxima
15.2 The Solar Cycle
sunspot minima
15.2 The Solar Cycle
sunspots
15.2 The Solar Cycle
super-Earths
21.5 Exoplanets Everywhere: What We Are Learning
superclusters
28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space
supergiant stars
18.3 Diameters of Stars
supermassive black hole
25.4 The Center of the Galaxy,
25.4 The Center of the Galaxy,
27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are,
27.3 Quasars as Probes of Evolution in the Universe,
27.3 Quasars as Probes of Evolution in the Universe
supermassive black holes
25.4 The Center of the Galaxy
supernova
20.4 Cosmic Rays,
23.2 Evolution of Massive Stars: An Explosive Finish,
23.2 Evolution of Massive Stars: An Explosive Finish,
23.3 Supernova Observations
supernova 1987A
23.3 Supernova Observations
synchronous rotation
4.5 Phases and Motions of the Moon
synchrotron radiation
11.2 The Giant Planets
T
T Tauri star
21.1 Star Formation
technosignatures
30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
tectonic
10.2 The Geology of Venus
terrestrial planets
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System
theory of relativity
16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity
thermophile
30.2 Astrobiology
Thirty-Meter Telescope
6.2 Telescopes Today
Thomson
5.4 The Structure of the Atom
tidal disruption event
27.3 Quasars as Probes of Evolution in the Universe
time zones
4.3 Keeping Time
Titan
7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets,
11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets,
12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced,
12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter,
12.3 Titan and Triton,
12.3 Titan and Triton,
12.3 Titan and Triton,
14.5 Planetary Evolution,
30.3 Searching for Life beyond Earth
Titan’s atmosphere
12.3 Titan and Triton
Titan’s surface
12.3 Titan and Triton
total eclipse
4.7 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon
trans-Neptunian object
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System
transit technique
14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)
6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere
transition region
15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
tree of life
8.4 Life, Chemical Evolution, and Climate Change
triple-alpha process
22.4 Further Evolution of Stars
Triton
12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced,
12.3 Titan and Triton,
12.3 Titan and Triton,
12.3 Titan and Triton,
13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
Triton’s surface
12.3 Titan and Triton
troposphere
8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere
Tully-Fisher relation
26.4 The Extragalactic Distance Scale
type Ia supernova
23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems,
26.4 The Extragalactic Distance Scale,
26.5 The Expanding Universe
type Ia supernovae
23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems
type Ic supernova
23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
U
ultraviolet
5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
unbarred spiral galaxy
25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy
universal law of gravitation
3.3 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
Uranus
3.4 Orbits in the Solar System,
3.6 Gravity with More Than Two Bodies,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets,
Thinking Ahead,
11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets,
11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.2 The Giant Planets,
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets,
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets,
12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced,
12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus),
12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus),
12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus)
Urey
30.2 Astrobiology
V
Valles Marineris
Introduction,
10.4 The Geology of Mars,
10.4 The Geology of Mars,
10.4 The Geology of Mars
Van Allen
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets
Van Allen belt
11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets
variable star
19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances
Vega
2.2 Ancient Astronomy,
17.2 Colors of Stars,
17.2 Colors of Stars,
17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs),
17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion,
17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion,
18.1 A Stellar Census,
19.2 Surveying the Stars,
19.2 Surveying the Stars,
25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy
velocity
3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis
Venus
2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy,
2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy,
3.4 Orbits in the Solar System,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System,
7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets,
8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere,
10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview,
10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview,
10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview,
10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview,
10.2 The Geology of Venus,
10.2 The Geology of Venus,
10.2 The Geology of Venus,
10.2 The Geology of Venus,
10.3 The Massive Atmosphere of Venus,
10.3 The Massive Atmosphere of Venus,
10.6 Divergent Planetary Evolution,
14.5 Planetary Evolution,
14.5 Planetary Evolution,
17.1 The Brightness of Stars
Very Long Baseline Array
6.4 Radio Telescopes
Vesta
3.4 Orbits in the Solar System,
7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets,
7.3 Dating Planetary Surfaces,
13.1 Asteroids,
13.1 Asteroids,
13.1 Asteroids,
13.1 Asteroids,
13.1 Asteroids
Virgo Cluster
27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are,
28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space,
28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter
Virgo Supercluster
1.7 The Universe on the Large Scale
visible light
5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
visual binary
18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses
Vogel
18.3 Diameters of Stars
Volcanoes
8.2 Earth’s Crust
volume
3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis
Voyager 2
11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets
Voyager record
30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
W
wave equation
5.1 The Behavior of Light
wavelength
5.1 The Behavior of Light
weakly interacting massive particles
29.5 What Is the Universe Really Made Of?
weather
8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere
Wegener
8.2 Earth’s Crust
Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope
6.4 Radio Telescopes
Whipple
13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets
white dwarfs
18.4 The H–R Diagram,
23.1 The Death of Low-Mass Stars,
23.1 The Death of Low-Mass Stars,
23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars
Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer
6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere
Wien’s law
5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Wolf
13.1 Asteroids
Y
year
2.1 The Sky Above
Z
zenith
2.1 The Sky Above
zero-age main sequence
22.1 Evolution from the Main Sequence to Red Giants
zodiac
2.1 The Sky Above