Review Questions

Solute contributes to the movement of water between cells and the surrounding medium by ________.

1. osmotic pressure
2. hydrostatic pressure
3. Brownian movement
4. random motion

A cation has a(n) ________ charge.

1. neutral
2. positive
3. alternating
4. negative

Interstitial fluid (IF) is ________.

1. the fluid in the cytosol of the cells
2. the fluid component of blood
3. the fluid that bathes all of the body’s cells except for blood cells
4. the intracellular fluids found between membranes

The largest amount of water comes into the body via ________.

1. metabolism
2. foods
3. liquids
4. humidified air

The largest amount of water leaves the body via ________.

1. the GI tract
2. the skin as sweat
3. expiration
4. urine

Insensible water loss is water lost via ________.

1. skin evaporation and in air from the lungs
2. urine
3. excessive sweating
4. vomiting or diarrhea

How soon after drinking a large glass of water will a person start increasing their urine output?

1. 5 minutes
2. 30 minutes
3. 1 hour
4. 3 hours

Bone serves as a mineral reserve for which two ions?

1. sodium and potassium
2. calcium and phosphate
3. chloride and bicarbonate
4. calcium and bicarbonate

Electrolytes are lost mostly through ________.

1. renal function
2. sweating
3. feces
4. respiration

The major cation in extracellular fluid is ________.

1. sodium
2. potassium
3. chloride
4. bicarbonate

The major cation in intracellular fluid is ________.

1. sodium
2. potassium
3. chloride
4. bicarbonate

The major anion in extracellular fluid is ________.

1. sodium
2. potassium
3. chloride
4. bicarbonate

Most of the body’s calcium is found in ________.

1. teeth
2. bone
3. plasma
4. extracellular fluids

Abnormally increased blood levels of sodium are termed ________.

1. hyperkalemia
2. hyperchloremia
3. hypernatremia
4. hypercalcemia

The ion with the lowest blood level is ________.

1. sodium
2. potassium
3. chloride
4. bicarbonate

Which two ions are most affected by aldosterone?

1. sodium and potassium
2. chloride and bicarbonate
3. calcium and phosphate
4. sodium and phosphate

Which of the following is the most important buffer inside red blood cells?

1. plasma proteins
2. hemoglobin
3. phosphate buffers
4. bicarbonate: carbonic acid buffer

Which explanation best describes why plasma proteins can function as buffers?

1. Plasma proteins combine with bicarbonate to make a stronger buffer.
2. Plasma proteins are immune to damage from acids.
3. Proteins have both positive and negative charges on their surface.
4. Proteins are alkaline.

The buffer that is adjusted to control acid-base balance is ________.

1. plasma protein
2. hemoglobin
3. phosphate buffer
4. bicarbonate: carbonic acid buffer

Carbonic acid levels are controlled through the ________.

1. respiratory system
2. renal system
3. digestive system
4. metabolic rate of cells

Bicarbonate ion concentrations in the blood are controlled through the ________.

1. respiratory system
2. renal system
3. digestive system
4. metabolic rate of cells

Which reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase?

1. ${\text{HPO}}_{\text{4}}^{\text{2-}}{\text{+H}}^{\text{+}}\leftrightarrow {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{PO}}_{\text{4}}}^{\text{–}}$
2. ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}{\text{ + H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}\leftrightarrow {\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CO}}_{\text{3}}$
3. ${{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{PO}}_{\text{4}}}^{\text{–}}{\text{+OH}}^{-}\leftrightarrow {\text{HPO}}_{\text{4}}^{\text{2}-}{\text{+H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}$
4. ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CO}}_{\text{3}}\leftrightarrow {{\text{HCO}}_3}^{–}{\text{+ H}}^{+}$

Which of the following is a cause of metabolic acidosis?

1. excessive HCl loss
2. increased aldosterone
3. diarrhea
4. prolonged use of diuretics

Which of the following is a cause of respiratory acidosis?

1. emphysema
2. low blood K⁺
3. increased aldosterone
4. increased blood ketones

At a pH of 7.40, the carbonic acid ratio is ________.

1. 35:1
2. 4:1
3. 20:1
4. 3:1

Which of the following is characterized as metabolic alkalosis?

1. increased pH, decreased pCO₂, decreased HCO₃^–
2. increased pH, increased pCO₂, increased HCO₃^–
3. decreased pH, decreased pCO₂, decreased HCO₃^–
4. decreased pH, increased pCO₂, increased HCO₃^–